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We investigated the role of practice in the acquisition of chess expertise by submitting a questionnaire to 104 players of different skill levels. Players had to report their chess rating, the number of hours of individual and group practice, their use of different learning resources and activities, and whether they had been trained by a coach. The use of archival data enabled us to track the rating of some of the players throughout their career. We found that there was a strong correlation between chess skill and number of hours of practice. Moreover, group practice was a better predictor of high-level performance than individual practice. We also found that masters had a higher chess rating than expert players after only three years of serious dedication to chess, although there were no differences in the number of hours of practice. The difference that may explain the variation in rating is that masters start practising at an earlier age than experts. Finally, we found that activities such as reading books and using computer software (game databases, but not playing programs) were important for the development of high-level performance. Together with previous data and theories of expert performance, our results indicate limits in the deliberate practice framework and make suggestions on how best to carry out learning in chess and in other fields. 相似文献
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徐明瑛 《福建师大福清分校学报》2006,(4):50-52
三种心理结构———感觉记忆、工作记忆和永久记忆在口译活动中分别是记忆运作的前提、关键和基础。要提高工作记忆的工作效率,就要完善组块(或称断句)技巧,改善永久记忆,同时注重心理素质的培养。 相似文献
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The proposed work aims to explore and compare the potency of syntactic-semantic based linguistic structures in plagiarism detection using natural language processing techniques. The current work explores linguistic features, viz., part of speech tags, chunks and semantic roles in detecting plagiarized fragments and utilizes a combined syntactic-semantic similarity metric, which extracts the semantic concepts from WordNet lexical database. The linguistic information is utilized for effective pre-processing and for availing semantically relevant comparisons. Another major contribution is the analysis of the proposed approach on plagiarism cases of various complexity levels. The impact of plagiarism types and complexity levels, upon the features extracted is analyzed and discussed. Further, unlike the existing systems, which were evaluated on some limited data sets, the proposed approach is evaluated on a larger scale using the plagiarism corpus provided by PAN1 competition from 2009 to 2014. The approach presented considerable improvement in comparison with the top-ranked systems of the respective years. The evaluation and analysis with various cases of plagiarism also reflected the supremacy of deeper linguistic features for identifying manually plagiarized data. 相似文献
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从功能导向的研究角度来说,"N的V"短语是因应篇章结构的功能需要而形成的。"N的V"短语在篇章中主要实现两种功能:衔接功能和组块功能。从句内和句际两个角度探讨了衔接功能;从话题、限定和指称三个方面讨论了组块功能。通过区分句子话题和篇章话题,说明了"N的V"在篇章中实现的话题组块形态;探讨了它如何嵌入介词槽中组成过程短语、方式短语等进而构成限定组块的多种类型;讨论了指称组块形成的条件和指称组块的向度。 相似文献
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Ozkan Aslan Serkan Gunal Bekir Taner Dincer 《Information processing & management》2018,54(6):1262-1276
Chunking is a task which divides a sentence into non-recursive structures. The primary aim is to specify chunk boundaries and classes. Although chunking generally refers to simple chunks, it is possible to customize the concept. A simple chunk is a small structure, such as a noun phrase, while constituent chunk is a structure that functions as a single unit in a sentence, such as a subject. For an agglutinative language with a rich morphology, constituent chunking is a significant problem in comparison to simple chunking. Most of Turkish studies on this issue use the IOB tagging schema to mark the boundaries.In this study, we proposed a new simpler tagging schema, namely OE, in constituent chunking for Turkish. “E” represents the rightmost token of a chunk, while “O” stands for all other items. In reference to OE, we also used a schema called OB, where “B” represents the leftmost token of a chunk. We aimed to identify both chunk boundaries and chunk classes using the conditional random fields (CRF) method. The initial motivation was to employ the fact that Turkish phrases are head-final for chunking. In this context, we assumed that marking the end of a chunk (OE) would be more advantageous than marking the beginning of a chunk (OB). In support of the assumption, the test results reveal that OB has the worst performance and OE is significantly a more successful schema in many cases. Especially in long sentences, this contrast is more obvious. Indeed, using OE means simply marking the head of the phrase (chunk). Since the head and the distinctive label “E” are aligned, CRF finds the chunk class more easily by using the information contained in the head. OE also produced more successful results than the schemas available in the literature.In addition to comparing tagging schemas, we performed four analyses. Along with the examination of window size, which is a parameter of CRF, it is adequate to select and accept this value as 3. A comparison of the evaluation measures for chunking revealed that F-score was a more balanced measure in contrast to token accuracy and sentence accuracy. As a result of the feature analysis, syntactic features improves chunking performance significantly under all conditions. Yet when withdrawing these features, a pronounced difference between OB and OE is forthcoming. In addition, flexibility analysis shows that OE is more successful in different data. 相似文献
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李苹 《临沧师范高等专科学校学报》2011,(3)
英语听力训练要以标准的发音、扎实的词汇功底以及对语境等的正确理解为基础。在此基础上,还需要有良好的听力习惯。当代认知心理学认为,人类短时记忆的容量为7±2个组块,会受到一个人原有知识和经验的影响。在英语听力训练中,学生会自动的用原有的英语知识和经验来对当前的信息进行加工。即根据自己的英语知识水平进行自上而下和自下而上的加工。英语知识丰富的人,就越容易进行组块化。组块的容量越大,其听力的短时记忆容量似乎也就越大。文章将以认知心理学中短时记忆的组块化的角度来讨论,在听力训练中如何利用组块化来增加英语学习者的短时记忆容量。 相似文献
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