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Development of an evaporation crystallizer for desalination of alkaline organic wastewater before incineration 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A wastewater evaporation-desalination pretreatment method was introduced to remove the Na^＋ and K^＋ salts in volatile organic compounds （VOCs） wastewater before it was fed into the incinerator. VOCs in the wastewater were volatilized in the evaporation system and then the vapor was combusted in an incinerator. Simulated phenol wastewater containing sodium chloride was evaporated and concentrated and sodium chloride was crystallized in different parameters. The experimental results showed that the higher initial concentration of sodium chloride increases the ratio of volatilization of VOCs, which was due to the effect of “salting out” （a decrease in the solubility of the nonelectrolyte in the solution, or more rigorously, an increase in its activity coefficient, caused by the salt addition （Furter and Cook, 1967））. When evaporation speed was increased from 1.67 ml/min to 2.73 ml/min, the total removal coefficient of sodium chloride was about 99.88%-99.99%. This pretreatment procedure eliminates the slag phenomenon caused by Na^＋ and K^＋ salts during wastewater incineration, so the incinerator could operate continuously, and the wastewater evaporation could increase the heat value of wastewater, and the operation cost would be reduced. 相似文献
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《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2014,15(4):403-413
This paper deals with the comparative evaluation of different procedures of salt extraction designed for archaeological ceramics from submarine burial environments. The experimental work was carried out on a particular type of late-Roman cooking ware finds (Pantellerian ware) found in a shipwreck near the shoreline of the Island of Pantelleria (Sicily). The studied ceramic test-pieces were first recognised in terms of bulk characteristics (mineralogy, petrography and chemistry). SEM-EDS observation allowed verification of the presence of various secondary minerals at the surface and in the pore spaces formed after the prolonged permanence in seawater under oxidising or reducing conditions. Pore-size distribution was also determined in the same fragments that had been subjected to the salt extraction routines. Three salt extraction methods were tested: two methods based on diffusion processes (water immersion under stationary conditions and under mechanical stirring conditions) and one method based on both diffusive and advective processes (multiple packages of sepiolite). The obtained experimental data allowed us to identify strengths and weaknesses of the tested procedures with practical spin-off for archaeologists and restorers (efficiency, kinetics, compatibility with the ceramic substrate, costs and simplicity of use). Salt extraction under mechanical stirring was the most effective method and, for this reason, is suitable for laboratory fieldwork during or immediately after submarine archaeological excavations. Similar advantages are also intended for the preliminary treatments of the most precious findings prior to museum storage. 相似文献
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AbstractThe long-term stabilization of marine archaeological iron, whether cast or wrought, continues to challenge conservators responsible for treatment of this material. Results and observations obtained from past treatments highlight the daunting, prolonged, and laborious efforts required to desalinate large and complex ferrous artifacts recovered from the ocean. In general, the higher an artifact's chloride level, the less stable it is. Consequently, any stabilization treatment must involve the removal of as much Cl?1 as possible without affecting the integrity of the corroded artifact. This problem is particularly acute with corroding cast iron objects that have formed thick, fragile, and highly unstable corrosion layers. Over the course of the twentieth century, conservators have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to mitigate the negative effects of chloride ions on iron artifacts and prevent disintegration. In spite of early promise, each of these stabilization techniques has significant disadvantages, particularly with regard to treatment efficiency, duration of treatment, and/or unacceptable risks to the artifact during treatment. For these reasons, conservators and conservation scientists at the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in Charleston, South Carolina, decided to look at the possibility of using subcritical fluids to stabilize archaeological iron. This paper compares the efficiency and effectiveness of traditional stabilization techniques (i.e. alkaline soaking and cathodic polarization) to subcritical fluids on wrought iron rivets and metal shavings from the H.L. Hunley submarine as well as Civil War era cast iron artillery shells recovered from a marine environment. 相似文献
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赵伟 《孝感职业技术学院学报》2012,15(4)
文章从淡化历史伤痛的隔岸书写、温和的悲悯情怀以及情感把握上的“真实”追求三个方面,探讨了曹文轩80年代短篇小说在写作主题、写作立场及有关“真实性”的文学观上的独立姿态。 相似文献
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海冰盐度主要来自海水结冰时被包裹在内部的卤水盐胞,海冰离心脱盐方法正是依据此,将海冰破碎,使卤水暴露出来,进而施加超重力,脱除卤水,淡化海冰。本文通过理论分析得出海冰离心脱盐后盐度与时间的理论关系式为S(t)=PK1/t,采用该式的计算结果与文献中的实验数据对比表明两者吻合较好。在理论分析基础上,通过实验确定了粒度、分离因数和加入海水比例对海冰离心脱盐的影响。实验结果表明,淡化盐度随着粒径呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并且当颗粒在6～9mm左右达到最小;随着加入海水比例和分离因数的增大,海冰离心脱盐效果变好。 相似文献
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本文针对渤海湾淡水资源匮乏的问题,利用模拟海水进行雾化冷冻脱盐技术的实验室模拟研究,得出的结果可用以指导现场规划中试。在冷空气的作用下雾化喷出的海水滴产生冰、水分离现象,更多的盐分被包含在未发生冷冻的海水中而脱离冰体,使得海水部分冷冻为粗海冰,海冰的含盐量大大低于海水含盐量。对实验过程中各水平因素如冷塔内温度、循环风量、冷冻时间等,对粗海冰的含盐量、收率的影响进行考察。通过上述方法,控制适宜的循环风量为140m3/h,冷冻塔内温度为-4℃,能够将海水的盐度从25.5‰降低到16‰左右,脱盐率为37.2%,收率达到20%。 相似文献
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中国大规模非并网风电与海水淡化制氢基地的链合布局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
能源与淡水危机是中国乃至全世界在21世纪面临的一个严重问题。因地制宜地利用风能条件,在我国沿海地区推行海水淡化,并进行海水制氢产业延伸是我国解决能源与淡水问题的突破口。论文在对我国大规模非并网风电产业发展现状与应用前景分析的基础上,探讨了我国发展大规模非并网风电的产业基础与技术可行性,以及利用风能进行海水淡化制氢的经济可行性和技术可行性,提出“非并网风电-海水淡化制氢”产业链合模式;提出我国非并网风电-海水淡化制氢产业基地建设目标及相应的节能减排目标,即到2020年海水淡化制氢总规模达到600×104t/天,可节约原煤464×104t/天,减少排放二氧化碳876×104t/天。进而形成国四大海水淡化制氢产业基地的建设格局,即东北地区以大连为核心的非并网风电-海水淡化制氢产业基地,华北地区以天津滨海新区与曹妃甸工业区为核心的非并网风电-海水淡化制氢产业基地,华东地区以长三角沿海为核心的非并网风电-海水淡化制氢产业基地,华南地区以湛江与深圳市为核心的非并网风电-海水淡化制氢产业基地。 相似文献
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This paper studies the influence of poultice type and application techniques on the desalination efficiency of two limestone substrates having similar porosities (22–25%) but different pore size distributions: microporous Bateig Novelda and macro porous Tosca Rocafort stones. Three poultice types are compared: pure sepiolite (fine porous), sepiolite and aggregate (medium porous), and pure cellulose powder (coarse porous). Four application techniques are studied: (i) direct application on the stone, (ii) pre-wetting before poultice application, (iii) Japanese paper before application, and (iv) pre-wetting?+?Japanese paper before application. Samples were taken from poultices on the one hand, and from substrates at different depths on the other hand. Their content in soluble salts was estimated by ionic conductivity measurements. After three application runs, the best result for both substrates is achieved with the combined application of coarse- and fine-porous poultices (FPs) (desalination depth: 4.5/6?cm for macro/micro-porous substrates). The FP is also able to extract salts properly, but the desalination depth achieved is less important (3?cm). A direct poultice application without pre-wetting nor Japanese paper is to be preferred for both stone types. 相似文献