Early aqueous dispersion paints: Portuguese artists’ use of polyvinyl acetate, 1960s–1990s     

none 《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):211-225

Abstract

The ageing of poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, paints was assessed in works by Ângelo de Sousa and Joaquim Rodrigo. The materials and techniques of the artists were studied through interviews and by chemical analysis. They were both using PVAc in 1961, preparing their own paints by mixing commercial PVAc emulsions with selected colorants. It is shown that in most cases the emulsion employed was based on a PVAc homopolymer and that the paints are in good condition with no signs of deterioration. Finally, this study allowed a comparison to be made between paint samples aged naturally and those aged under artificial conditions. This means that these artificially aged samples may be used as reference materials for PVAc paintings. Both sets exhibit molecular infrared fingerprints that are undistinguishable from an unaged PVAc, suggesting little chemical degradation over 50 years of natural ageing.  相似文献   

Main Features of Mark of Toledo's Latin Qurʾān Translation     

Ulisse Cecini 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》2013,25(3):331-344

Abstract

This article sets out to be a concise account of Mark of Toledo's Qur?ān translation. It will be structured as follows: first, it will provide information about when and in what circumstances it was realised. Second, it will present some examples, which will show Mark's way of translating and transferring form and content of the Qur?ān for his Latin-speaking Christian audience. Mark mostly translates words consistently throughout the text, and also tries to translate words derived from the same Arabic root with root-related Latin words. Moreover, he does not usually try to convey the semantic nuances a word may have, seemingly not paying attention to the context, but translating with a standard, basic meaning of the word. (This observation should be taken as a tendency and not as a rule, as the excursus at the end will illustrate.) Nevertheless, Mark does not violate the grammar of the Latin language. Despite his fidelity to the text, Mark's Christian cultural background sometimes influences the translation. In the conclusion, the features of Mark's translation will be set out in relation to the cultural and political activity of its commissioner, the Archbishop of Toledo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada.  相似文献