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在计算问题中有些是不可解的或称难解的 .虽然它们在理论上是可解的 ,但解法需要大量的时间和空间 ,而无法在实践中应用 .计算理论中的空间函数、层次推理、正则运算等都从空间角度论证了计算问题的不可解性即计算问题的难解性 . 相似文献
2.
所谓计算型弱人工智能指的是在各种智力行为的表现上都至少跟人类一样好的计算型人工产品。彭罗斯改进了卢卡斯的论证,但保留了该论证中的核心部分(哥德尔不完备性定理),并据此论证所得出的结论是计算型的弱人工智能不可能成功。但哲学家如塞尔、计算机科学家如罗素和诺维格都认为彭罗斯的论证并不可信,并对彭罗斯的论证提出了三点反击。我们将在这篇论文中论证罗素和诺维格的回击并不成功,并指出思想实验方法的局限性。 相似文献
3.
杨洪春 《黄石理工学院学报(人文社科版)》2003,20(3):75-77
本文简单讨论了图灵模型机、冯·诺依曼机和计算机语言之间的关系。他们之间有逻辑联系,冯·诺依曼机是图灵模型机的物理化,计算机语言的元计算模型是图灵模型机,计算机语言可视为冯·诺依曼机的符号化表示。 相似文献
4.
[目的/意义]代表作在学术评价中的全面推行是科研管理工作的关注热点。其规律性研究有助于推进代表作评价的理论构建,为国家科研评价改革提供决策参考。[研究设计/方法]选取图灵奖得主代表作为研究对象,基于文献计量和非参数检验方法,分析图灵奖代表作时间周期、首发载体及题材类型等的特征规律。[结论/发现]①随时间推移,代表作从发布到被图灵奖认可所需时间存在逐渐上升的整体趋势。②不同首发载体的代表作完成年龄和被认可所需时间可能会存在一定差异,在会议类和发明类代表作中尤为显著。③部分代表作的题材类型对代表作的完成年龄和被认可所需时间具有相对显著影响。[创新/价值]以图灵奖为切入点,分析获奖者学术代表作特征,为相关学术评价制度的设立提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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图灵测试本质上是对人类智能的一种操作性定义。图灵本人充分意识到这一定义可能会遇到各种诘难,并对自己设想中的9类反对意见逐一作了辩驳。60年来围绕图灵测试的大量哲学争论,直接指向这一定义的3个核心要素,即语言、推理和模仿。古老的哲学问题,正在慢慢步入科学探讨的轨道。图灵测试的提出被公认为是人工智能学科兴起的标志,如今它虽然不能说是人工智能的终极目标,但至少是该领域的核心目标之一。以通过图灵测试为目标的智能机的研制,也向传统的智能概念提出了挑战。 相似文献
6.
If, as a number of writers have predicted, the computers of the future will possess intelligence and capacities that exceed our own then it seems as though they will be worthy of a moral respect at least equal to, and perhaps greater than, human beings. In this paper I propose a test to determine when we have reached that point. Inspired by Alan Turing’s (1950) original “Turing test”, which argued that we would be justified in conceding that machines could think if they could fill the role of a person in a conversation, I propose a test for when computers have achieved moral standing by asking when a computer might take the place of a human being in a moral dilemma, such as a “triage” situation in which a choice must be made as to which of two human lives to save. We will know that machines have achieved moral standing comparable to a human when the replacement of one of these people with an artificial intelligence leaves the character of the dilemma intact. That is, when we might sometimes judge that it is reasonable to preserve the continuing existence of a machine over the life of a human being. This is the “Turing Triage Test”. I argue that if personhood is understood as a matter of possessing a set of important cognitive capacities then it seems likely that future AIs will be able to pass this test. However this conclusion serves as a reductio of this account of the nature of persons. I set out an alternative account of the nature of persons, which places the concept of a person at the centre of an interdependent network of moral and affective responses, such as remorse, grief and sympathy. I argue that according to this second, superior, account of the nature of persons, machines will be unable to pass the Turing Triage Test until they possess bodies and faces with expressive capacities akin to those of the human form. 相似文献
7.
王华生 《邵阳学院学报(社会科学版)》2004,3(6):21-23
冯契的“化理论为德性”，强调主体的心性修养和内在发展，追求自由德性和自由个性的理想境界，通过对中国传统哲学的重新解读，重构马克思主义哲学体系，是对毛泽东思想改造论的补充、深化和发展，也是对马克思主义哲学中国化的理论创新。 相似文献
8.
Lynne Hamill 《The Information Society》2006,22(4):241-249
Domestic appliances have replaced much human labor in the home. But how human do we want these devices to be, and how much autonomy do we want to give them? To throw some light on these questions, first the use and limitations of conversational agents (natural language interfaces) are discussed. Then some aspects of the experience of families living in a smart house are described, and compared with that of employers of servants in 19th-century Britain. On the basis of this research it appears that people do not want household devices to be very human, and do not want to give them much autonomy. Designers are recommended to observe two rules: Smart domestic devices should put people firmly in control and should as far as possible be unseen and unheard. 相似文献
9.
通过对△pn与△n(A)两类复杂性语言中的多项式图灵完全集之间关系的研究,证明了(^L)pn、(^H)pn的等计算复杂性语言类的递归可表示性. 相似文献
10.
For many, the very idea of an artificialintelligence has always been ethicallytroublesome. The putative ability of machinesto mimic human intelligence appears to callinto question the stability of taken forgranted boundaries between subject/object,identity/similarity, free will/determinism,reality/simulation, etc. The artificiallyintelligent object thus appears to threaten thehuman subject with displacement and redundancy.This article takes as its starting point AlanTuring's famous 'imitation game,' (the socalled 'Turing Test'), here treated as aparable of the encounter between human originaland machine copy – the born and the made. Thecultural resonances of the recent on-lineperformance of a 'Turing Test' for computergenerated art are then explored. Arttraditionally taken to stand for all that isconsidered quintessentially human – andtherefore resistant to mechanisation –represents in this sense a kind of 'criticalcase' in the advance of machine intelligence.The article focuses on the moral status of thebody, human agency, and social knowledge in theongoing (re-)constructions of copy, original,and of the difference between them. 相似文献