One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects     

Martin Weiss  Alexandra Newman  Ceri Whitmore  Stephan Weiss 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(4):393-401

Sprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season-best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power-law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long-term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle- and long-distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub-2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season-best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.  相似文献   

Will Obama's My Brother's Keeper and Similar Initiatives Have a Positive Impact on Low-Income Students?     

Joseph Sanacore 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2017,90(4):152-158

Barack Obama's My Brother's Keeper is designed to narrow persistent gaps that boys and young men of color confront often and to help all young people achieve their potential in college and career. An important part of this initiative is comprehensive mentoring that supports students in schools and in communities. Because ethnic-minority students have extremely low graduation rates in high school and college, an essential question is addressed: Can My Brother's Keeper and similar initiatives with a mentoring component be effective in helping minority students to achieve success in elementary and secondary schools and in college?  相似文献   

Parents of Traditionally Aged Community College Students: Communications and Choice     

Trudy?BersEmail author 《Research in higher education》2005,46(4):413-436

Five suburban community colleges in a metropolitan area collaborated on a survey to parents of high school graduates of the class of 2002 who attended the colleges in fall 2002. The study was undertaken to learn more about parents roles in their students selection of community colleges, to give insights and information about this important community college constituency, and to assist community colleges to shape more effective ways to foster positive and supportive opinions among parents of potential students. Parents want the community college to provide students with credits and grade point averages enabling transfer, overestimate their students academic skills as measured by course placement tests, engaged in a number of college-choice activities, and indicate that factors associated with lifestyle and money were major reasons for selecting the community college. Associations between parents social capital and perceptions of their students academic abilities were found for a number of dependent variables examined. The study also revealed important differences in how participating institutions record and calculate key measures such as credits earned and grade point averages.  相似文献   

非对称损失下单边截断分布族参数的经验Bayes检验及其收敛速度     

康会光  李飞翔 《安阳师范学院学报》2007,(2):1-3,6

在一种非对称损失下,构造了一类单边截断型分布族参数的经验Bayes检验,建立其收敛速度,在一定条件下证明了它的收敛速度可以任意接近于1/2。最后给出满足定理条件的一个例子。  相似文献   

一类投资组合模型的模糊两阶段算法     

陈国华  廖小莲 《娄底师专学报》2007,(6):1-2,5

对多目标证券组合投资模型进行了研究，模型以风险损失率作为风险。该模型是一多目标线性优化问题．我们采用模糊折衷算法对模型进行了求解，算例给出了该模型的一个实例的最优解。  相似文献   

践行“以德为行,以学为上”,探究如何提高课堂出勤率     

曾诗健 《湖北函授大学学报》2015,(4):108-109,118

民办高职院校办学的宗旨是为社会培养优秀的高技能人才。课堂是传道授业解惑的第一阵地。但是,经过笔者调查研究发现,民办高职院校课堂出勤率一般不高。本文从践行"以德为行,以学为上"角度,探讨如何加强学风建设,提高课堂出勤率。  相似文献   

民事证人出庭作证费用支付探究——对新民诉法第74条规定的再完善建议     

刘宇驰  孙晨 《湖北函授大学学报》2015,(12):92-93

在民事诉讼程序中,了解案件一定程度上的客观真实情况并有相应能力出庭作证的证人出庭作证系其本人向人民法院应尽之义务,而人民法院亦不应当令证人因出庭支持司法机关工作而蒙受个人损失。尽管新修改的民事诉讼法在新添加的第74条中已经明文规定了证人出庭费用最终由败诉一方负担,并初示此类费用的支付路径,但本条规定仍然存在一定的漏洞与不适性。事实上,首先明确证人作证所涉及费用的范畴及相应量化标准,其次由人民法院在充分审查证人出庭作证的相关费用的合法性、合理性的情况下统一预先支付该笔费用,最终将此部分费用划入相关诉讼费用中并明确由哪方当事人承担较为合理,此路径更为适宜。  相似文献   

刑事诉讼中关于证人出庭问题的思考--以传闻证据规则的构建为视角     

马留伟 《安顺师范高等专科学校学报》2015,(3)

目前刑事证人出庭率较低。根据学者和司法实务工作者近几年在不同法院对刑事证人出庭问题的调研和考察情况,可知当前刑事审判实践中该问题仍然较为突出。解决这一问题的重要途径,需要对我国的刑事立法中对证人出庭问题给予更多的重视,逐步形成体系化的传闻证据规则。  相似文献   

美国艺术教育的几个热点问题     

郭兰兰 《教育学报》2011,7(6)

从美国艺术教育研究的三个项目,管窥美国艺术教育三个不同领域的研究:哈佛大学“零点项目”中的一项成果“艺术教育并不必然提高学生的综合学习能力与成绩”,强调重视艺术教育本身不可替代的价值;“艺术教育与辍学率”,揭示出艺术教育能够“延缓孩子辍学时间和延长在校学习时间”的事实,间接证明了艺术教育对在校学习的积极影响;“教学艺术家”的研究,从艺术家从教的各个环节入手,系统地探索、总结这一师资角色的发展和社会作用.  相似文献   

Enhancing the link between higher education and employment     

《International Journal of Educational Development》2015

This study aims to improve the efficiency of fiscal assistance programs for higher education by investigating those variables that influence college graduates’ employment rates. An empirical analysis of 2010–2011 higher education statistics shows that two variables – educational expenditure per student and the number of students per full-time faculty member – consistently and significantly affect college graduates’ employment rates, even after location and type of school are controlled. Although scholarship rates also affect employment rates positively, the number of students per industry–academe liaison officer does not have a statistically significant effect. Moreover, as educational expenditure per student or the student/faculty ratio increases beyond a certain level, graduate employment improves at an increasing rate. The two variables also affect the employment rate interactively. At a relatively higher level of per-student expenditure, employment rates increase even as the student/faculty ratio rises. However, at a relatively lower level of per-student expenditure, employment rates decline as the student/faculty ratio rises.The policy implication is that fiscal assistance programs for higher educational institutions should accord a much greater weight to these key variables when selecting and assessing institutional recipients.  相似文献