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Correlates and Consequences of Spanking and Verbal Punishment for Low-Income White, African American, and Mexican American Toddlers |
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| Authors: | Lisa J Berlin Jean M Ispa Mark A Fine Patrick S Malone Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Christy Brady-Smith Catherine Ayoub Yu Bai |
| Institution: | Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University; University of Missouri–Columbia; University of South Carolina; National Center for Children and Families, Columbia University; Harvard University; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| Abstract: | This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that spanking (but not verbal punishment) at age 1 predicted child aggressive behavior problems at age 2 and lower Bayley mental development scores at age 3. Neither child aggressive behavior problems nor Bayley scores predicted later spanking or verbal punishment. In some instances, maternal race/ethnicity and/or emotional responsiveness moderated the effects of spanking and verbal punishment on child outcomes. |
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