Diagnosis of weathered Coptic wall paintings in the Wadi El Natrun region,Egypt |
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| Institution: | 1. Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, ALMA laboratory, U Akademie 4, 170 22 Prague 7, Czech Republic;2. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the AS CR, v.v.i., ALMA laboratory, 250 68 Husinec-?e?, Czech Republic;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlá?ská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic;4. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic;5. Institute of Science and Technology in the Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010, Vienna, Austria;1. Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, China, 200444;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, China, 200444;3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, China, 200444;1. Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, China;2. Rathgen-Forschungslabor-Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin 14059, Germany;3. Emperor Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors & Horses Museum, Xi''an 710600, China |
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| Abstract: | This paper deals with the impact of soluble salts on the deterioration of wall paintings in the region of Wadi El Natrun in Egypt, including the identification of the building materials and pigments used. For this purpose we used XRD analysis which proved that the green pigment in the Church of the Virgin, Wadi El Natrun is a mix of malachite and hydrocerussite, and the black pigment is graphite. The results proved that the building materials (stones, mortar, and plaster) in Wadi El Natrun are affected by ground water as they have the same soluble salts at different concentrations. The Wadi El Natrun lakes are the native source of natron salt, which has been used in mummification techniques. Soda lakes represent the major types of naturally occurring highly alkaline environments. The factors leading to the formation of the alkaline saline deposits may be divided into climatic, geological, and topographical. Climatic and topographical factors control the amount of water entering the system as rainfall or surface runoff and the amount leaving by evaporation. Geochemical factors determine which ions enter the system. Solutions of carbon dioxide result in the formation of a weak carbonic acid, which dissolutes the mineral components of the surrounding rocks and archaeological buildings, leading to their ion release. |
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