Universalism and the spirit of sport: evidence from Greece and Australia |
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| Authors: | Jason Mazanov Twan Huybers Vassilis Barkoukis |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Business, UNSW, Canberra, Australia;2. Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece |
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| Abstract: | Despite the World Anti-Doping Code’s 11-value Spirit of Sport statement being declared the universal ethical basis for global sporting practice, there is no empirical evidence whether the Spirit statement is the universal ethical basis for sport. Best-worst scaling surveys were completed by five independent (two Greek and three Australian) to determine whether there is cultural variation in which values were considered important or unimportant to sport. The results indicate Greeks and Australians mostly agree about what is unimportant to sport, but vary in terms of what is considered important. The variation indicates that the ethical justification for anti-doping may be less than universal. Moreover, the findings point to the need for more research into the Spirit statement as the proscribed universal ethical basis for a global practice, including philosophical and ethical inquiry, and how people understand both the individual values and the Spirit statement as a whole. |
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| Keywords: | Anti-doping best-worst scaling cross-cultural psychology Spirit of sport universalism |
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