Private tutoring and mass schooling in East Asia: reflections of inequality in Japan, South Korea, and Cambodia |
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| Authors: | Walter Dawson |
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| Institution: | (1) College of Education, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Korea |
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| Abstract: | This paper examines private tutoring systems in three East Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, and Cambodia) with the purpose
of examining the relationship between those systems and formal education systems. The study of private tutoring systems in
each nation can be used to reveal the inadequacies of the formal education system in meeting the ideal of equal opportunity
of education in relation to high-stakes examinations. In each nation, the private tutoring system functions as a “shadow education
market” to absorb unmet demand for additional education in a parasitic relationship with the formal system. Governments have
enacted various policies to respond to the growing private tutoring systems which have proven largely ineffective and often
led to further expansion. Pedagogical and curricular practices in the private tutoring systems have functioned to increase
“anxiety” and “insecurity” in regard to the formal education system with the purpose of expanding the market. Studies of mass
schooling systems and equal opportunity are incomplete without due consideration toward the role of the private tutoring system.
Efforts toward education policy-making and reform to further the ideal of equal opportunity of education must be informed
by such research on private tutoring. |
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| Keywords: | |
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