Learning and Instruction: a review of main research lines during recent decades |
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| Authors: | Wolfgang Schnotz |
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| Institution: | 1.Graduiertenkolleg ?Unterrichtsprozesse“,Universit?t Koblenz-Landau,Landau,Germany |
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| Abstract: | Research on learning and instruction focuses on structural and procedural characteristics of guided human learning as well as its internal and external constraints including the embeddedness of human learning into social systems. Instruction (which is in this context just as a synonym for teaching) needs to be aligned with these characteristics of human learning in order to be successful. The following article provides an overview of main research lines on learning and instruction during the recent decades with a special focus on educational psychology and empirical pedagogy. In a first step, the article will outline basic theoretical approaches to teaching and learning. Second, it will analyze the role of learning environments and students’ learning activities within these environments and, third, the role of self-directed learning in such environments. Fourth, the paper will consider the role of media in learning and instruction with a special focus on possibilities to enhance students’ cognitive flexibility. In a fifth step, the article will specify cognitive and developmental constraints of learning and its instructional consequences. Finally, the article will suggest perspectives for further interdisciplinary research in this area. |
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