Institutionalizing end-user demand steering in agricultural R&D: Farmer levy funding of R&D in The Netherlands |
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| Authors: | Laurens Klerkx Cees Leeuwis |
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| Institution: | Communication and Innovation Studies, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the institutionalization of demand-driven modes of working in the R&D planning process and reveal possible weaknesses, through an analysis of a system of collective R&D funding by farmers. The findings indicate that, although end-users have the opportunity to raise issues that lead to R&D, queries are influenced by several actors in the R&D planning process in such a way that they do not adequately reflect farmers’ innovation needs. Conclusions are that more emphasis is required on joint demand articulation and involvement of end-users and other stakeholders in the innovation process, and on the institutional development of R&D funding organizations in order to adopt a more inclusive view on innovation. |
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| Keywords: | R& D planning Demand-driven R& D End-user participation Innovation systems Institutional change Agriculture |
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