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Barriers to artificial intelligence adoption in smart cities: A systematic literature review and research agenda
Institution:1. University of Münster, Department of Information Systems, Germany;2. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Sweden;1. Carson College of Business, Washington State University, Todd Hall 442, PO Box 644743, Pullman, WA 99164-4743, USA;2. John Chambers College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, 1601 University Avenue, PO Box 6025, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;1. University of Muenster – ERCIS, Leonardo-Campus 3, 48149 Münster, Germany;2. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;1. School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;2. School of Economics and Management, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China;1. University of Klagenfurt, Universitaetsstrasse 65-67, 9020 Klagenfurt am Woerthersee, Austria;2. WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria
Abstract:Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a prominent role in smart cities' development and offers benefits to different services such as finance, healthcare, security, agriculture, transport, education, and manufacturing. Despite the expected benefits, the adoption of AI varies from one smart city to another, due in part to barriers that can inhibit a smart city from adopting AI. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive view of the barriers faced by smart cities. Through a systematic literature review, this study identifies 18 primary and secondary barriers grouped into three main categories — technology, environment, and organization. This research contributes to the literature by developing a typology of AI adoption barriers based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) perspective. The typology provides a novel mapping of the barriers to AI adoption faced by smart cities and suggests directions for further investigation through a cohesive research agenda. At a practical level, the findings will allow policymakers, planners, and citizens to make more informed decisions about AI adoption. Practical implications are also proposed for guiding smart cities to increase the adoption of AI.
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