Private Subtractory Tutoring: The Negative Impact of Shadow Education on Public Schooling in Myanmar |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Curriculum & Instruction, Centre for International Research in Supplementary Tutoring, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China;2. Faculty of Education, Centre for International Research in Supplementary Tutoring, East China Normal University, Shanghai; and Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, China;1. Tel Aviv University, Israel;2. Department of Education, University of Oxford, UK;1. School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;2. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University, Kaifeng, China;3. Institute of Sport Sciences, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China;4. Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;5. International Center for Research in Mathematics Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | An expanding literature focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, and contributes to understandings of the nexus between in-school and out-of-school learning. This paper, contextualised in broader literature, draws on questionnaire and interview data from students, teachers, principals, parents and other stakeholders in Myanmar, and observes that shadow education may subtract as well as supplement. For some decades, public education in Myanmar has suffered from financial stringency, large classes, and overloaded curriculum. Students and their families have sought private tutoring, particularly from public school teachers, to supplement school education; and teachers and other providers have welcomed the revenue that they can earn. As a result, private tutoring has become embedded in the lives of many students and teachers, and has consumed time and energy supposed to be spent on school education. However, the private tutoring has also helped to keep the school system running. |
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| Keywords: | Myanmar private supplementary tutoring public education shadow education |
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