Accountability and (mis)trust in education systems: Private supplementary tutoring and the ineffectiveness of regulation in Myanmar |
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| Authors: | Junyan Liu Mark Bray |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Curriculum and Instruction (ICI) and Centre for International Research in Supplementary Tutoring (CIRIST), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, China;2. Faculty of Education, Centre for International Research in Supplementary Tutoring (CIRIST), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, China |
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| Abstract: | Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has been viewed by many families around the world as a necessary complement to schooling. The analysis presented draws on questionnaire and interview data from secondary school students, teachers, principals, parents and other stakeholders in Myanmar. Parents displayed institutional mistrust in their perception of the inadequacy of public schooling to meet their children's needs. Organisational and interpersonal mistrust were also evident. The matters of mistrust relate to the theme of accountability in education, which requires systems for regulation and monitoring. The regulations on tutoring in Myanmar were widely ignored and were arguably worse than useless. The article is grounded in the context of Myanmar but has considerable insights for the wider literature. |
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