| 孔子称“师”考 |
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| 引用本文： | 李纪祥.孔子称“师”考[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2012(4):59-76. |
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| 作者姓名： | 李纪祥 |
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| 作者单位： | 佛光大学史学研究所,宜兰 27262 |
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| 摘 要： | 在《论语》中,孔子未被弟子称为"师","师"字在《论语》中出现14次,但都不是指孔子。这是个颇有深意的现象。从时代背景上初步推断,孔子之所以不称"师",乃相对于当时官方"授学体制"而言的。直到孔子的时代,"师"还是"四代学制"中的官名。孔子并非官方体制中担任"师"者,他在鲁国所任诸职,都与"师"无关。他所从事的教学活动属于私人性质;四方来学者,也只以"子"和"夫子"尊称孔子。《论语》中只有"子"、"夫子"、"孔子"、甚至"仲尼"这样的称呼。而孔子学生的称谓,则有"及门"、"门弟子"、"门人"等。这与孔子在鲁城外授学、聚徒、共同居住处所的门、堂、室的结构有关。这说明孔门师徒的关系具有"非血缘体"仿用"血缘体"的特点。至于孔子之被尊称为"师",实乃"孔后历史"发展的结果。战国中期,"师"字开始用来指代从事私人教学者。到了汉代,国家设立学官,官名"博士",而不叫"师"。这样,孔子称师就在意义和制度两方面得到了发展和完善。至此,由孔子称"子/夫子"而至于称"师"之间的历史脉络便渐渐清晰地显现出来。
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| 关 键 词： | 孔子 《论语》 师 私人讲学 非血缘体 |
The Name 'Teacher' for Confucius in History |
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| LI Ji-xiang.The Name 'Teacher' for Confucius in History[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Science Edition),2012(4):59-76. |
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| Authors: | LI Ji-xiang |
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| Abstract: | Confucius is not called "teacher" by his disciples in The Analects of Confucius; the token "teacher" appears 14 times throughout the whole book, but no single one is used to refer to Confucius. That is a phenomenon with significance. From the angle of historical background, Confucius is not called "teacher" for the then "official teaching system". That is, "teacher" in the Confucian time is still a name for one rank of officer in the "Four-rank System". Confucius does not hold a "teacher" post in that official system, therefore the posts he has had in Lu State have little relation with "teacher". The teaching practices he carries off is personal, so the disciples who have come to him can only use "Zi" and "Fuzi" (master) to show their respect. Therefore, The Analects of Confucius only records such addresses to Confucius as "Zi", "Fuzi", "Kongzi", even "Zhongni". And the disciples are called "Jimen" (one who comes to the door), "Mendizi" (indoor disciple), or "Menren" (man inside the door), which is in fact related to the structure of men (door), tang (hall), and shi (room), where Confucius teaches, gather new comers, and share with his disciples to stay; and such places are usually outside the Lu cities. It hence suggests that the master-disciple relation has a characteristic resembling a "bloodline community". Confucius is called "teacher" is a later story. To be specific, "teacher" is beginning to be used for personal teaching people only in the middle of the Warring Period. As the Han Dynasty establishes the system of teaching officers and such people are called "Boshi" (doctor), not "teacher", so Confucius is respectfully addressed as "teacher" then and thereafter. |
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| Keywords: | Confucius The Analects of Confucius teacher non-official teaching non-bloodline community |
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