| 锡金喜马拉雅地区的农业：保护与发展具有全球意义的传统农业系统 |
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| 作者姓名： | Ghanashyam Sharm Luohui Liang Eklabya Sharm J.R. Sub Koji Tanaka |
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| 作者单位： | Environment and Sustainable Development Programme， United Nations University， 53-70 Jingumae Shibuya-ku， Tokyo 150-8925 Japan;Environment and Sustainable Development Programme， United Nations University， 53-70 Jingumae Shibuya-ku， Tokyo 150-8925 Japan;Environmental Change and Ecosystem Services， International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development， Khumaltar， Kathmandu Nepal;Department of Agriculture and Food Security， Krishi Bhawan， Tadong， Gangtok Sikkim-737102， India;Centre for Integrated Area Studies， Kyoto University， Kyoto 606-8501， Japan |
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| 摘 要： | 锡金喜马拉雅地区是全球重要的生物多样性热点地区之一，该地区的农业生产系统最近已经被推荐作为联合国粮农组织（FAO）全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）保护的候选地。在这一地区，集中体现了被称为Demazong（稻米之谷）或香格里拉（消失的地平线）的神圣景观。这个神圣的、多样性的文化景观中，当地少数民族社区利用传统的生态知识对极为丰富的农业生物多样性进行适应和管理。多样化的农业生态系统，包括位于高山地区农牧复合系统Dokpas，位于温带地区的传统的农林复合系统（如桤木-草本混交农业系统），以及海拔较低的暖温带到亚热带农业气候区的梯田/谷地稻作系统。将富含文化多样性和生物多样性的土地利用系统与景观进行边缘化是一件十分荒谬的事情。但值得说明的是，尽管这里有着巨大的发展潜力，却长期存在着贫穷、进入市场困难、经济和生态较为脆弱等问题。
锡金喜马拉雅地区的农业是一种典型的适应性管理系统，具有重要的生态系统服务功能，提供了具有重要经济价值的多样化的农作物品种，以及适应明显垂直分异农业生态区的多用途的植物物种。在那里生活着的不同的土著社区，依然保持着传统的生态知识，以适应、监测和响应生态系统的恢复能力与生态系统的服务功能。在本文中，我们探讨了传统农业在生物多样性保护中的作用，评估了从亚热带到高原农业生态区的多样性的生态系统管理途径，分析了对于农业生态系统的社会适应性与知识基础以及传统体制在促进该地区农业生产系统通过GIAHS在地区、国家和全球水平上获得更加广泛的认可的作用。我们认为，为减轻气候变化的可能影响和应对可能的新挑战，应当采用参与式的方式对传统农业进行监测，并制定科学的政策。锡金喜马拉雅地区的传统农业被认定为全球重要农业文化遗产，将有助于促进这一传统农业系统的保护，促进边际社区的环境健康和生计的可持续性，确保该地区的可持续发展。
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| 关 键 词： | 全球重要农业文化遗产 锡金喜马拉雅地区农业系统 本土知识 印度锡金 |
Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture: Improving and Scaling up of the Traditionally Managed Agricultural Systems of Global Significance |
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| Ghanashyam Sharm,Luohui Liang,Eklabya Sharm,J.R. Sub,Koji Tanaka.Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture: Improving and Scaling up of the Traditionally Managed Agricultural Systems of Global Significance[J].Resources Science,2009,31(1):21-30. |
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| Authors: | Ghanashyam Sharm Luohui Liang Eklabya Sharm JR Subba and Koji Tanaka |
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| Abstract: | Sikkim Himalaya is a part of globally significant biodiversity hot spots of the world within the greater quadri-national junction of Khanchendzonga landscape in the eastern part of Himalayas.The Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture system is recently proposed for recognition under the FAO Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System programme (GIAHS).The region is an assemblage of sacred landscapes called Demazong (the valley of rice) or the Shangrila (the hidden paradise on earth).This cultural-landscape is endowed with rich agrobiodiversity adapted and managed through traditional ecological knowledge of the culturally diverse ethnic communities.It comprises of trans-Himalayan agro-pastoral system of the Dokpas in the alpine plateaus,traditional agroforestry such as alder-cardamom and farm-based systems in the temperate zones,and terraced/valley rice systems in the lower warm temperate to sub-tropical agroclimatic zones.It is paradoxical that culturally and biologically diverse land use systems and landscapes are marginalized.The development opportunities are enormous but persistent problems of poverty,access to markets,economic and ecological fragility are prevalent.Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture is an adaptive management system that offers economically valuable diversity of crop varieties and multipurpose plant species in the vertically differentiated agro-ecological zones.The diverse indigenous communities house Traditional Ecological Knowledge in adapting,monitoring and responding to ecosystem resilience and services.We discuss the role of traditional agriculture in conservation of biodiversity and our assessment on the diversity of ecosystem management from sub-tropical to alpine agroclimatic ranges.We also analyze the social adaptations and knowledge-base on agroecosystems and role of traditional institutions to authenticate GIAHS proposal to envisage wider recognition in local,national,regional and at global level.We conclude that monitoring of traditional agriculture and science based policy need to be formulated in a participatory manner to mitigate the vulnerabilities and new challenges due to climate change.Recognition of the Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture would help strengthen the conservation efforts and sustainability of the environment health and livelihood of the marginal communities to ensure sustainable development. |
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| Keywords: | GIAHS Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture system Indigenous knowledge Sikkim of India |
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