Facial recognition systems in policing and racial disparities in arrests |
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| Institution: | 1. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America;2. J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Center for Engaged Business Research, Georgia State University, Grove Gate Consulting, Inc., Atlanta, GA, United States of America;3. J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America;1. Associate Professor and Director, School of Planning, Public Policy, and Management, University of Oregon, 263 Hendricks Hall, 1209 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States of America;2. Associate Professor, School of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States of America;1. Department of Organization, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics Vara?din, Pavlinska 2, 42 000 Vara?din, Croatia;2. College of Arts and Sciences, Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States;1. Departamento de Computação, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;2. Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;1. FSA ULaval, Université Laval, Pavillon Palasis-Prince, 2325 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;1. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Information systems and Technology, Forum for Digitalization, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall 851 70, Sweden.;2. University of South Africa, Department of Information Science, Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria. |
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| Abstract: | This study examines the association between police facial recognition technology (FRT) deployment and racial differences in arrests across 1136 U.S. cities in 2016. We estimated doubly robust propensity score models using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, FBI Uniform Crime Report, and the U.S. Census Bureau. Results show that agency FRT use contributes to greater racial disparity in arrests. This relationship was underpinned by statistically meaningful and positive FRT effects on Black arrest rates and negative effects on White rates. We also observed more sizeable and significant impacts for adult arrests, indicating that FRT's association with adult rates primarily drives the overall disparity finding. Results suggest a need for civic leaders to scrutinize the relative contributions of structural factors, agency policies, and government directives to officer decision-making before widely deploying FRT in jurisdictions. For agencies currently using this technology, it would imply the need for policies and supervision that guide, and in some cases restrict, officer discretion in FRT-assisted contexts. |
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