Finite element simulation of the ski–snow interaction of an alpine ski in a carved turn |
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| Authors: | Peter Federolf Markus Roos Anton Lüthi Jürg Dual |
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| Institution: | (1) Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada;(2) Institute of Computational Physics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland;(3) WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland;(4) Institute of Mechanical Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Skiing manufacturers depend on the development of new skis on trial and error cycles and extensive product testing. Simulation
tools, such as the finite element method, might be able to reduce the number of required testing cycles. However, computer
programs simulating a ski in the situation of a turn so far lack realistic ski–snow interaction models. The aim of this study
was to (a) implement a finite element simulation of a ski in a carved turn with an experimentally validated ski–snow interaction
model, and (b) comparison of the simulation results with instantaneous turn radii determined for an actual carved turn. A
quasi-static approach was chosen in which the ski–snow interaction was implemented as a boundary condition on the running
surface of the ski. A stepwise linear function was used to characterise the snow pressure resisting the penetration of the
ski. In a carved turn the rear section of the ski interacts with the groove that forms in the snow. Two effects were incorporated
in the simulation to model this situation: (a) the plasticity of the snow deformation, (b) the influence of the ski’s side-cut
on the formation and shape of this groove. The simulation results agreed well with experiments characterising snow penetration.
Implementation of the groove in the ski–snow interaction model allowed calculation of the instantaneous turn radii measured
in actual turns, but also caused significant numerical instability. The simulation contributes to the understanding of the
mechanical aspects of the ski–snow interaction in carved turns and can be used to evaluate new ski designs. |
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