Maternal adverse childhood experiences,attachment style,and mental health: Pathways of transmission to child behavior problems |
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| Institution: | 2. Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;3. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;1. Psychology Department, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;2. Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;3. Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica;4. Institute of Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa;5. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom;6. Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;7. Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;8. Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom;9. Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;10. Global Health Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan;11. Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;12. Child Protection Unit, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines;13. Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;14. Institute for Community Health Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet-Nam;15. Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka;p. Jacobs Centre for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Switzerland;1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States;2. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;3. Centre for Mental Health Research & Treatment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;4. Department of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States;5. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States;6. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundInvestigations have found mothers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) confer an intergenerational risk to their children's outcomes. However, mechanisms underlying this transmission have only been partially explained by maternal mental health. Adult attachment insecurity has been shown to mediate the association of ACEs and mental health outcomes, yet an extension of this research to children's behavioral problems has not been examined.ObjectiveTo examine the cascade from maternal ACEs to risk for child behavioral problems at five years of age, via mothers’ attachment insecurity and mental health.Participants and settingParticipants in the current study were 1994 mother-child dyads from a prospective longitudinal cohort collected from January 2011 to October 2014.MethodsMothers retrospectively reported their ACEs when children were 36 months of age. When children were 60 months of age, mothers completed measures of their attachment style, depression and anxiety symptoms, and their children's behavior problems.ResultsPath analysis demonstrated maternal ACEs were associated with children's internalizing problems indirectly via maternal attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and depression symptoms, but not directly (β = .05, 95% CI −.001, .10]). Maternal ACEs indirectly predicted children's externalizing problems via maternal attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and depression. A direct effect was also observed from maternal ACEs to child externalizing problems (β = .06, 95% CI .01, .11]).ConclusionsMaternal ACEs influenced children's risk for poor behavioral outcomes via direct and indirect intermediary pathways. Addressing maternal insecure attachment style and depression symptoms as intervention targets for mothers with histories of ACEs may help to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of risk. |
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| Keywords: | Adverse childhood experiences Behavioral problems Attachment Depression Anxiety Intergenerational transmission |
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