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1.
基于"习得无助"的认知解释模式理论,采用实验研究和理论分析的方法,探索不同运动项目技能学习过程中"习得无助"的认知现象,分析"习得无助"情况下认知特征在不同运动项目的差异.随机选取普通高校篮球选项课(63名)、健美选项课(64名)的大学男生127名组成研究样本,分别学习篮球罚球弧跳投技术和健美局部肌肉锻炼方法,并让大多数被试放弃学习.学习测试分为4个纵向单元,并进行认知归因、后续朝向任务及后续努力的问卷调查.通过t检验、相关分析和回归路径分析,发现不同运动项目在认知特征上存在差异,学习过程中,被试倾向把失败归结于外部的因素,会增加对后续任务的朝向,试图继续努力;被试倾向把失败归因于内部的原因,会减少对后续任务的朝向和后续的努力;另外,后续任务的朝向决定后续任务的努力.篮球学习过程中,被试更多地把失败归结于外部的因素;健美学习过程中,被试更多地把失败归结于内部的因素. 相似文献
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探讨正负信息呈现方式对高校高水平学生运动员的运动决策行为及人格特征的影响作用.研究方法:采用自编运动员决策问题问卷和大五人格量表(中国修订版),以分层抽样的方法,抽取高水平运动员260人为研究对象,随机分为两组,正面框架组(n=126),负面框架组(n=123),对两组间被试的方案选择进行X2检验,方案选择与人格特征的关系进行t检验.结果:接受正面框架实验情景的被试,保守和冒险方案选择人数比例相当,分别为42.86%和57.14%;负面框架组的被试,只有17.07%选择保守方案,差异有统计学意义.正面框架下,外向性维度得分高的被试个体倾向于冒险,愉悦性维度得分高的被试个体倾向于保守;但在负面框架中,差异无统计学意义.负面框架下被试个体更倾向于冒险;外向性和愉悦人格特征与运动决策行为有关. 相似文献
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本文以韦氏成人智力量表为测试工具对我国甲级女篮后卫(n= 55)为实验组,中、前锋(n= 38)为对照组,定量地研究了智力、智力结构与篮球运动的关系。结果发现不同技术水平的篮球队员具有不同水平的智力结构,我国甲级女篮运动技能运用中必备的智力结构四要素为:“注意集中,记忆”,“视动协调”、“言语理解,推理”,和“空间知觉组织”,而“视动协调”,“空间知觉组织”与运动技能关系极为密切,运动技能水平 高,“视动协调”,“空间知觉组织”能力发展快。韦氏量表中排图、积木和相似性测验所反映的智力因素是影响我国甲级女篮后卫运动技能的最重要智力因素 相似文献
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以篮球项目中的基础技术原地单手肩上投篮为测试技能,探讨不同相对频率操作反馈(以下简称KP)对该技能学习绩效的影响。将56名体育学院右利手大学一年级男生随机分配到33%KP组、100%KP组、渐减KP组和控制组当中,每组14人。分别在4种不同的KP控制条件下练习投篮技能,每天练习30次。在练习期间教师按照实验控制条件,并依据原地单手肩上投篮动作的易犯错误分别为各组被试提供恰当的言语反馈。在第3天全部练习结束后休息3 min,进行无KP学习阶段测试,24 h之后再进行无KP保持阶段测试。实验结果显示:(1)学习阶段100%KP组的绩效明显优于33%KP组和渐减KP组;而在24 h保持阶段这种趋势发生了逆转,即33%KP组和渐减KP组的绩效明显优于100%KP组;(2)渐减KP组与33%KP组绩效未出现显著性差异;(3)不同相对频率KP组绩效优于控制组。 相似文献
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目的:初步探索农村地区学前儿童基本动作发展情况,以Newell的约束模型(constraints model)为理论基础,为学前儿童设计发展适宜性的身体活动,并检验为期8周的体育教学活动对幼儿基本动作发展的影响。方法:以山东省潍坊市某农村幼儿园学前儿童(n=109)为研究对象,以班为单位随机分配到实验组(n=54)和对照组(n=55)。实验组儿童参与为期8周的动作技能发展课程,对照组儿童参与幼儿园正常的教学活动。课程开始前和结束后一周内,采用TGMD-2对受试儿童进行测试。结果:1)研究中农村儿童的移动技能和物体控制技能的基线均显著低于TGMD-2的常模。2)经8周基本动作教学,实验组的后测GMQ显著高于对照组(P<0.001),对照组的GMQ在实验前后没有显著差异(P=0.087)。3)性别对教学干预无显著影响(P=0.703);实验组的后测移动技能和物体控制技能得分均显著高于对照组的后测成绩(P<0.001)。结论:研究中农村幼儿的基本动作发展相对滞后,物体控制技能发展水平低下是主要来源;为期8周的基本动作教学活动能够有效地促进农村学前儿童基本动作技能的发展。 相似文献
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目的:探讨体育干预对青少年网络成瘾的效果。方法:对24例网络成瘾青少年按照症状程度进行配对并随机分入实验组和对照组。对实验组被试采取体育干预(户外拓展、远足旅行与一定量专项练习等)。结果:(1)体育干预对青少年网络成瘾有较好的效果;(2)体育干预在不同基线水平上的青少年网络成瘾症状有不同的效果,对轻-中度网络成瘾被试的效果好于重度网络成瘾被试;(3)体育干预对重度青少年网络成瘾被试干预效果有个体间差异,可能与被试个体有心理和精神疾病以及服用药物有关。 相似文献
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目的:探讨高温环境下混合预冷对男性中长跑运动员体温调节和有氧耐力运动表现的影响。方法:10名男性中长跑运动员随机分为对照组(PC)5人和混合预冷组(MP)5人。2组被试在标准热身后,进行20 min预冷,PC组每5 min摄入1.5 g/kg,共7.5 g/kg的25℃运动饮料,MP组每5 min摄入1.5 g/kg,共7.5 g/kg的5℃运动饮料,并在预冷期间持续使用手部负压冷却设备CoreControlTM。预冷结束后10 min在30℃~31℃的相对湿度为57%的室外标准田径场进行5 km跑步测试。采用独立样本t检验分析5 km测试成绩和出汗率,采用双因素重复测量方差分析在不同时间点测得的核心温度、皮肤温度等数据,用Bonferroni进行两两比较,P<0.05为具有显著性差异。结果:预冷期间,预冷和时间的交互作用对胃肠温度(Tgi),体温(Tb)和生理应激指数(PSI)具有显著性差异(P<0.001,ES=2.96;P<0.001,ES=2.41;P=0.001,ES=1.6),预冷结束时MP与PC的Tgi,PSI具有显著性差异(P=0.003,P=0.001)。预冷和时间的交互作用对皮肤温度(Tsk),热量储存(HS),心率(HR)无显著性差异(P=0.975,P=0.263,P=0.071)。5 km测试期间,预冷和时间的交互作用对Tgi、Tsk、Tb、HS、PSI、HR均无显著性差异义(P>0.05),预冷对Tgi、PSI的主效应具有显著性差异(P=0.028,ES=1.68;P=0.013,ES=2.11)。MP与PC的SW无显著性差异(P=0.63)。MP与PC的5 km完成时间具有显著性差异(P=0.035)。结论:高温环境下,预冷摄入冷饮结合手部负压冷却降低运动前的核心温度和生理应激程度,能够在5 km测试期间延缓核心温度升高和生理应激程度,提高有氧耐力运动表现。 相似文献
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运用CSAI-2问卷对上海市大学生运动员赛前焦虑和状态自信心的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
已修订出中国常模的CSAI-2问卷是信度和效度高的多维焦虑测量工具,它包括三个分量表:认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和状态自信心。运用该问卷测查235名参加大学生运动会田径和篮球比赛的被试赛前焦虑反应和状态自信必,结果表明:(1)躯体状态焦虑的强度是区分田径和篮球项目类型良好的预测因子;(2)认知状态焦虑的强度是区分运动技能水平或临场技能发挥得好坏的良好预测因子;(3)竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心的强度与被试主观上所认知到的任务难度密切有关。因此,为使运动员有适宜的竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心,教练员除了不断提高运动员的技能水平之外,应当结合项目的要求加强对运动员的心理训练(尤其是认知训练),并注意在赛前激起他们符合任务特征的唤醒水平。 相似文献
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个体化与竞争情境下大学生不同成就动机对操作技能的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究考察了个体化和竞争情境下大学生不同成就动机倾向对操作技能的影响。被试为110名师范大学学生。经成就动机倾向问卷测试将被试分为追求成功动机和避免失败动机。随机选取32名被试，追求成功与避免失败各半。将情境类型设置为竞争情境和个体化情境。实验的因变量为双手协调技能的操作成绩。研究结论包括：在个体化情境下，追求成功动机双手协调技能的操作时间短于避免失败成就动机，且差异显；在竞争情境下，追求成功动机双手协调技能的操作时间短于避免失败成就动机，且差异非常显。 相似文献
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目的：探究基本动作技能对不同程度智力障碍儿童中高强度身体活动（moderate to vigorous physical activity, MVPA）水平的影响。方法：采用方便抽样方法共获得轻度（n=48）、中度（n=60）和重度（n=45）智力障碍儿童153名,其中男生116名,女生37名。采用大肌肉动作发展评估量表（第2版）对受试者的基本动作技能水平进行评估,采用三轴加速度计ActiGraph GT3X+对受试者的身体活动水平进行测量。结果：不同程度智力障碍儿童的身体活动水平[F2(6,290)=18.379,ηp=0.28,P<0.01]和基本动作技能得分[F(4,294)=54.230, η2p=0.425,P<0.01]差异显著,障碍程度越重,MVPA越低[轻度（44.21 min/天）>中度（38.34 min/天）>重度（20.76 min/天）],基本动作技能得分越低[轻度（72.12）>中度（56.77）>重度（22.29）];校正混杂因素后,轻度智力障碍儿童控制技能对MVPA存在显著影响（R2=0.191,β=0.437,P&l... 相似文献
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The purpose of these experiments was to investigate further the variable practice effect found by Shea and Kohl (1990). Experiment 1 was an initial attempt to determine the locus of the retention benefits demonstrated by subjects provided variable practice experiences. All groups received 20 acquisition blocks consisting of five test trials per block at a target of 150 N. The interval between test trials was either unfilled or filled, with additional trials consisting of the same target force, variable target forces, or practice on an unrelated motor task. The results indicated retention was not incremented (relative to an unfilled interval) by requiring subjects to perform an unrelated motor task in the intertest-trial interval. However, when the interest-trial interval was filled with practice on related motor tasks, retention was significantly improved. Experiment 2 assessed the impact of increasing the number of related motor tasks interpolated between test trials. The results indicated filling the intertest-trial interval with one motor task resulted in large retention benefits relative to an unfilled interval. Further increases in the number of related motor tasks (3) interpolated between test trials resulted in only modest increments to retention. The results were consistent with the elaboration perspective proposed by Shea and Zimny (1983). The elaboration perspective proposes that the simultaneous presence of related items in working memory facilitates interitem elaborative and distinctive processing that ultimately results in retention benefits. 相似文献
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Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to investigate further the variable practice effect found by Shea and Kohl (1990). Experiment 1 was an initial attempt to determine the locus of the retention benefits demonstrated by subjects provided variable practice experiences. All groups received 20 acquisition blocks consisting of five test trials per block at a target of 150 N. The interval between test trials was either unfilled or filled, with additional trials consisting of the same target force, variable target forces, or practice on an unrelated motor task. The results indicated retention was not incremented (relative to an unfilled interval) by requiring subjects to perform an unrelated motor task in the intertest–trial interval. However, when the intertest–trial interval was filled with practice on related motor tasks, retention was significantly improved. Experiment 2 assessed the impact of increasing the number of related motor tasks interpolated between test trials. The results indicated filling the intertest–trial interval with one motor task resulted in large retention benefits relative to an unfilled interval. Further increases in the number of related motor tasks (3) interpolated between test trials resulted in only modest increments to retention. The results were consistent with the elaboration perspective proposed by Shea and Zimny (1983). The elaboration perspective proposes that the simultaneous presence of related items in working memory facilitates interitem elaborative and distinctive processing that ultimately results in retention benefits. 相似文献
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运用学习策略理论 ,并结合运动技能学习的特点 ,在田径技术教学中对运动系 2 0 0 1级学生进行了教学实验 ,初步得出以下结论 :在学习运动技能过程中施加学习策略训练有助于学生掌握运动技术 ;在培养学生运用学习策略的能力方面 ,语言法、调控法、认知体验三项指标得到明显改善 ,学习策略能力的培养是一个长期的过程。 相似文献
15.
James V. Mastro Maria Y. Canabal Ron French 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):262-264
Purpose: Decline of motor performance in older individuals affects their quality of life. Understanding the contribution of sport-related training in advanced ages might help to attenuate motor performance decay as one gets older. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the extent to which long-lasting training in running or sport-specific skills during old age preserves motor performance in different motor tasks. Method: Older runners and tennis players with at least 10 years of training were assessed as were age-matched and young exercisers. Performance was evaluated for 6 motor tasks requiring different functions of sensorimotor control expected to decline with aging. Results: Analysis revealed that runners had increased aerobic fitness in comparison with the other older participants and that they presented similar performance to older exercisers in the motor tasks. Tennis players outperformed the other groups of older participants on coincident timing and simple reaction time and achieved similar performance to the young group on the timing task. Conclusions: These results suggest selective maintenance of task-specific processing through extensive practice of tennis-related motor skills in older adults. 相似文献
16.
Willem G. van Kernebeek Antoine W. de Schipper Geert J.P. Savelsbergh Huub M. Toussaint 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2018,22(2):129-137
In The Netherlands, the 4-Skills Scan is an instrument for physical education teachers to assess gross motor skills of elementary school children. Little is known about its reliability. Therefore, in this study the test–retest and inter-rater reliability was determined. Respectively, 624 and 557 Dutch 6- to 12-year-old children were analyzed for test re-test and inter-rater reliability. All tests took place within the school setting. The outcome measure was age-expected motor performance (in years). Results showed a small practice effect of .24 years for re-test sessions and assessment of motor skills was possible with acceptable precision (standard error of measurement = .67 years). Overall, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was .93 (95% confidence interval: .92–.95) for test–retest reliability and .97 for inter-rater reliability. For the repeated measures, the smallest detectable change (SDC) was 1.84 and limits of agreement were –1.60 and 2.08 years. It can be concluded that the 4-Skills Scan is a reliable instrument to assess gross motor skills in elementary school children. 相似文献
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The aim of the present study was to determine if two levels of task similarity influenced acquisition, retention, and transfer performance of three simple motor skills. Sixty right-handed subjects were randomly assigned to one of five (n = 12) experimental conditions. Each subject performed 72 trials during acquisition. Twenty-four trials were recorded for each movement task. Following a 5-min unfilled retention interval, subjects performed 4 trials on each task before completing 12 transfer trials of a novel movement. Contextual interference effects for acquisition and retention were supported for low but not high similarity tasks. Further, the results suggest that a different memory representation exists for high and low similarity tasks. 相似文献
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Jeralyn J. Plack 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):1063-1068
Abstract The study was designed to determine the relationships between achievement in reading and achievement in selected motor skills for children in grades 1, 3, 5. The Iowa tests of basic skills were used to determine reading achievement and the Johnson motor achievement battery was employed to measure achievement in selected motor skills. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation was applied to compute the relationships between the reading and motor achievement variables. The subjects were divided into three reading achievement levels and Scheffe's method of comparing pairs of means from a two-way analysis of variance table was employed to determine if the achievement differences in the motor skills tests were significant. The following conclusions were drawn: a) Highly significant correlations were found to exist between achievement in reading and the throw and catch test and achievement in reading and the zig-zag run test; b) Little or no consistent relationship existed between achievement in reading and the kicking test or the jump and reach test; c) Significant differences among the selected reading levels were found for the throw and catch test and the zig-zag run test; d) Few significant differences among the selected reading levels were found for the kicking test and for the jump and reach test. 相似文献
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Karyn R. Nelson Jerry R. Thomas Jack K. Nelson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):105-108
Abstract Twenty-four male subjects were used to study effects upon successive hand reaction times when the interval between paired visual stimuli was manipulated over the range 50 to 1,000 mseconds. Subjects were divided into fast and slow groups on the basis of well-practiced simple reaction time measures. Results indicated that both simple reaction time and initial paired response reaction time were unrelated to delays in the second response due to the psychological refractory period. It was suggested that a serious reappraisal of the single channel response system theory merits consideration and that ability to execute fast, consecutive paired responses may represent a new component in motor skills. 相似文献
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Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine if two levels of task similarity influenced acquisition, retention, and transfer performance of three simple motor skills. Sixty right-handed subjects were randomly assigned to one of five (n = 12) experimental conditions. Each subject performed 72 trials during acquisition. Twenty-four trials were recorded for each movement task. Following a 5-min unfilled retention interval, subjects performed 4 trials on each task before completing 12 transfer trials of a novel movement. Contextual interference effects for acquisition and retention were supported for low but not high similarity tasks. Further, the results suggest that a different memory representation exists for high and low similarity tasks. 相似文献