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1.
The new product learning cycle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper summarizes our extensive study (n = 158) of new product success and failure in the electronics industry. Conventional “external factor” explanations of commercial product failure based on the state of the economy, foreign competition and lack of funding, were found not to be major contributors to product failure in this industry. On the other hand, factors that can be strongly influenced by management such as coordination of the create, make and market functions, the quality and frequency of customers' communications, value of the product to the customer, and the quality and efficiency of technical management explained the majority of the variance between successful and unsuccessful products. From these findings a framework for understanding and managing the new product development process that places learning and communication in the center stage was developed.Successes and failures in our sample were strongly interrelated. The knowledge gained from failures was often instrumental in achieving subsequent successes, while success in turn often resulted in unlearning the very process that led to the original success. This observation has led us to postulate a new product “learning cycle model” in which commercial successes and failures alternate in an irregular pattern of learning and unlearning. 相似文献
2.
M. Teubal 《Research Policy》1982,11(6):333-346
This paper summarizes the pilot stage of a microeconomic study of the innovation performance through time of young, high-technology Israeli firms. It reports some results for a successful firm designing, producing and selling electronic instruments and systems. The paper begins by surveying some of the difficulties surrounding the collection and organization of data on R&D projects. One of them concerns the definition of the ‘Unit for Analysis’ - the R&D project. Three criteria are suggested for dividing the stream for innovative activities into R&D projects, and these are applied to group the tens of products, accessories and systems included in the analysis into nine projects. The paper subsequently defines a measure of “direct” project performance or profitability estimate - discounted operating profits per unit of fixed costs - and provides estimates based on R&D and sales data for the products of each project. The final sections analyze the variation of project profitability through time. The increasing profitability observed across generations of a product class is attributed to the adaptability of the firm to changes in the environment, particularly to the availability of new technology which requires the swift design and sale of more complex products. The qualitative history of the various projects suggests that this adaptability is due, to a large extent, to the skills, infrastructure and reputation of the firm accumulated from prior projects, i.e. that the “indirect” profitability of the latter is high. Some estimates of the indirect profitability of early projects are presented. A comparison of the spin-off mechanisms observed in the firm analyzed with those observed in firms of other industries is also undertaken. 相似文献
3.
The centrality of firms vis-à-vis regions underlines a general contrast between two models of producing innovations. This paper uses a new database composed of 4262 European chemical patents applied by 693 firms during 1987–1996 to compare the relative effect of firm and regional characteristics on the production of technological “hits” (highly cited patents). By using extensive controls, the main finding of the paper is that technological hits in the “traditional” chemical sectors are explained only by R&D intensity at the firm level and the scale of the research projects. Firm competencies, particularly technological specialisation, are still important in biotechnology. However, the distinct feature of the biotechnology model is that localised knowledge spillovers also matter. 相似文献
4.
Researchers in indexing and retrieval systems have been advocating the inclusion of more contextual information to improve results. The proliferation of full-text databases and advances in computer storage capacity have made it possible to carry out text analysis by means of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge. Since the mid 80s, research has tended to pay more attention to context, giving discourse analysis a more central role. The research presented in this paper aims to check whether discourse variables have an impact on modern information retrieval and classification algorithms. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, a functional framework for information analysis in an automated environment has been proposed, where the n-grams (filtering) and the k-means and Chen’s classification algorithms have been tested against sub-collections of documents based on the following discourse variables: “Genre”, “Register”, “Domain terminology”, and “Document structure”. The results obtained with the algorithms for the different sub-collections were compared to the MeSH information structure. These demonstrate that n-grams does not appear to have a clear dependence on discourse variables, though the k-means classification algorithm does, but only on domain terminology and document structure, and finally Chen’s algorithm has a clear dependence on all of the discourse variables. This information could be used to design better classification algorithms, where discourse variables should be taken into account. Other minor conclusions drawn from these results are also presented. 相似文献
5.
新兴市场的创新状况在很大程度上决定于该市场中优秀跨国公司(MNCs)的技术学习成熟度。文章从信息加工的角度,对9家跨国公司的105个项目团队进行分析,探讨这些团队或其内部技术学习(知识获取,信息发布,信息理解与组织记忆)对新产品开发(NPD)结果(项目成功,开发速度与产品适时进入市场)的影响。研究结果显示,技术学习的四种指标中,只有组织记忆与新产品开发结果无直接关联。通过区分项目的复杂程度,文章进一步分析上述影响关系。文章认为,信息解释与组织记忆有助于低复杂程度项目的成功。相反,对于高复杂程度项目而言,产品的开发速度取决于组织记忆。 相似文献
6.
Charles Cole 《Information processing & management》1998,34(6):709-720
The research examines the notion that the principles underlying the procedure used by doctors to diagnose a patient's disease are useful in the design of “intelligent” IR systems because the task of the doctor is conceptually similar to the computer (or human) intermediary's task in “intelligent information retrieval”: to draw out, through interaction with the IR system, the user's query/information need. The research is reported in two parts. In Part II, an information retrieval tool is described which is based on “intelligent information retrieval” assumptions about the information user. In Part I, presented here, the theoretical framework for the tool is set out. This framework is borrowed from the diagnostic procedure currently used in medicine, called “differential diagnosis”. Because of the severe consequences that attend misdiagnosis, the operating principle in differential diagnosis is (1) to expand the uncertainty in the diagnosis situation so that all possible hypotheses and evidence are considered, then (2) to contract the uncertainty in a step by step fashion (from an examination of the patient's symptoms, through the patient's history and a physical (signs), to laboratory tests). The IR theories of Taylor, Kuhlthau and Belkin are used to demonstrate that these medical diagnosis procedures are already present in IR and that it is a viable model with which to design “intelligent” IR tools and systems. 相似文献
7.
Business groups in emerging economies frequently use international joint ventures (IJV) as a channel for knowledge acquisition and technology advancement. While IJVs provide a business group with access to new technology, how successful a group is in exploiting that new knowledge for innovative purposes depends on the groups’ ability to recombine new knowledge with its existing pool of knowledge and resources. The more resources a group spends in forming IJVs with foreign partners, the less resources the group has in developing and sustaining organizational mechanisms that facilitate integration of existing ideas and resources. Following this theoretical duality, we view the IJV–innovation relationship not as an “either–or” question, but as a question of whether and how. Specifically, viewing business groups as networks of loosely coupled firms, we examine how intra-group network structure and evolving institutional environment moderates the IJV–patenting relationship in Taiwan between 1981 and 1998. 相似文献
8.
基于组织信息加工理论,以高管参与为中介变量,以技术动荡性为调节变量,构建项目组合管理实践对新产品开发绩效的影响关系模型。对来自不同行业的169位项目经理和公司高管开展实证研究发现,项目组合管理实践对新产品开发绩效有间接的正向促进作用;高管参与在项目组合管理实践与新产品开发绩效间发挥完全中介作用。技术动荡对项目组合管理实践与新产品开发绩效关系有负向调节作用,低技术动荡条件下,项目组合管理实践对新产品开发绩效有显著的直接影响,高管参与的中介效应不明显。 相似文献
9.
In this paper, we present several insights regarding the influence of institutional design on the process of Research Joint Venture (RJV) formation. Our results are obtained with a firm-level dataset on RJVs formed under the umbrella of the Eureka initiative and of the European Union’s Framework Programmes (EU-FPs) for science and technology. We focus on firms that are known to have a high probability of forming RJVs, with the latter identified as firms with a past experience in collaborative research. The results indicate that EU-FP RJVs are consistent with a “top-down” and “mission oriented” research policy. By contrast, Eureka RJVs appear as more market driven and “bottom-up”. 相似文献
10.
Tefko Saracevic 《Information processing & management》1979,15(6):291-301
The essay examines the basic issues confronting information science education, issues that must be resolved if information science itself is to evolve in an orderly fashion. The essay is organized in three parts. In the first part definitions were considered and in a historical context the emergence, evolution and current state of information science and its education. This second part considers the problems and unresolved questions that deal with external aspects (“externalities”) of information science education: (i) academic affiliation, (ii) degree levels, (iii) admission requirements, (iv) jurisdiction and (v) financing. The third part will deal with problems and unresolved questions in respect to internal aspects (“internalities”) of education: (i) objectives, (ii) content, (iii) teachers and (iv) teaching. It is suggested that information science cannot prosper or even survive if concentrated action is not undertaken in the “externalities” and “internalities” of its education. A majority of the specific situations discussed pertain to North America, however, general aspects are valid for information science education everywhere. Recommendations about areas that need action are made. 相似文献
11.
This paper describes the experience gained in the Center for Technological Innovation since its creation three years ago within the National Autonomous University of Mexico. By offering the services of locating clients, drafting and negotiating contracts, providing specialized information services, and project follow-up, the Center pursues the establishment of effective ties between University projects and industrial production. In so doing, its staff informally assumes the critical “dgate-keeper” and “entrepreneur” roles, not easily accepted in other areas of the University.The main difficulties encountered so far have been in developing interdisciplinary projects, providing due academic recognition for technological activities and extending knowledge about innovation throughout the University. On the other hand, a great advantage is the interest shown by the academic community; likewise is UNAM's stability and autonomy, structural characteristics which have stimulated the development of technically sound teams over several decades. To date, the Center has provided support services for 125 projects and has participated in establishing 44 contracts between the University and industry. 相似文献
12.
13.
The article treats the problem of “rationality” in learning processes in research policies. The underlying hypothesis is that there are contemporary efforts in research policy-making, which, against views in organisational sociology like “bounded rationality” or “garbage-can”, endeavour to “rationalise” the process of decision-making in research policies. This hypothesis is worked out by taking one example, the setting-up of the “National Centres of Competence in Research” (NCCR) in Switzerland and analyse the processes that have contributed to the acceptance of this funding measure. Our finding is that Switzerland has introduced some “rationalising devices” but that these devices are still insufficiently institutionalised and can be further elaborated. In addition, it is made clear that goal-oriented problem-solving and interests are closely intertwined and cannot be dissociated from another. This may have distorting effects on the rationality of the learning process. It is, nevertheless, a necessary condition in order to learn at all. 相似文献
14.
This article reveals different patterns of scholarly communication in the XML research field on the Web and in print journals in terms of author visibility, and challenges the common practice of exclusively using the ISI’s databases to obtain citation counts as scientific performance indicators. Results from this study demonstrate both the importance and the feasibility of the use of multiple citation data sources in citation analysis studies of scholarly communication, and provide evidence for a developing “two tier” scholarly communication system. 相似文献
15.
In the field of technology policy, few challenges are more intriguing than understanding the nature of technical and market trends. This paper deals with this problem by using the sociotechnical constituencies approach in order to integrate the treatment of “micro”/“macro” issues — from product to industry. The case study is that of the microprocessor industry where at present a Risc (reduced instruction set computer) technology is emerging in a field where a powerful and far-from-exhausted Cisc (complex instruction set computer) technology tends to occupy almost every segment of the market. The analysis reveals how emerging product-constituencies do implement pro-active trend-creating strategies in order to establish themselves as industrial trends, and, by so doing, they simultaneously re-define the existing content of the “macro” industrial level. The study also reveals the important role of the nature and maturity of microprocessor technology in conditioning the constituency-building strategies implemented by different players. Microprocessor technology is specifically characterised as an architectural, codified-knowledge component with indirect network externalities and weak appropriability regime. Finally, the paper also highlights the potential risks of both fragmentation and complete proprietary control of technology in technological processes involving strongly competitive situations. 相似文献
16.
Open source is an example of user-centric innovation initiated by an individual or group of users to satisfy their specific needs; the more a software evolves towards a stable release able to address the requirements of its developers, the more successful the project. In this paper we use a large data-set obtained from SourceForge.net to estimate the relationship between a series of different characteristics of OS projects and the probability of evolution of the source code from a preliminary release to a mature version. We show that while projects distributed under highly restrictive licensing terms (GPL) have a significantly smaller probability of reaching a stable release, applications towards sophisticated users have a larger probability of evolving in the development status. Interestingly, we find that the size of the “community of developers” increases the chances of progress but this effect decreases as the community gets larger, a signal of possible coordination problems. 相似文献
17.
Gerhard H. R. Reisig 《Information processing & management》1978,14(6):405-417
Information-systems are classified into two types, termed “Evidence-of Existence” and “Presentation” of information. The objective of the evidence-type system lies in the domain of documentation and retrieval of information. The structure of this system-type is developed, with application of cybernetic concepts, as an isomorphic model in analogy to the system-structure of communication technology. The latter postulates three criteria of structuring: (1) Source-Channel-Sink, with input-output characteristics, (2) Filter-type communication-channel, (3) Reversable code. These criteria are applied to the structuring of information-systems of the evidence-of-existence type. For the purpose of two-way communication the information-systems have to be represented by closed-loop models. The selective-retrieval requirements necessitate the system-channel to be a filter of information. These information-filters are implemented by keyword-phrases, being identical with the codewords. They yield a uniquely decodable code which is totally reversible to adequately serve both the documentation and the retrieval of documents. It is proven that hierarchic information-systems, applying categorization or subject-heading objects of information, do not meet the mandatory code-requirements. The inherent coding-deficiencies of hierarchic systems generate intolerable retrieval ambiguities. The same critique applies to the thesaurus concept. The development of a novel species of thesaurus is suggested, realizing a kind of Linnéan encyclopedia of general human knowledge, presenting all relevant interrelations of objects of knowledge. Such thesaurus would provide the much needed support for formulating efficient search queries. Other relevant features of communication technology, like the information-potential, should be isomorphically transformed into information-system models. 相似文献
18.
M. E. D. Koenig 《Research Policy》1975,4(4):330-349
The relationship between the organizational size and the research productivity of major US pharmaceutical firms was examined. The measure of organizational size was the research budget in dollars, and the measure of research production was the number of drugs introduced during hte 1960's judged be “important therapeutic advances” by a Food and Drug Administration study. Productivity, as distinct from production, was defined as research production per unit of R&D money spent. The conclusions are that research production appears to increase linearly with research budget. There seems to be no linear relationship between productivity and size, but quadratic techniques do give some evidence fro economies of scale in productivity. 相似文献
19.
Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: the case of Brescia mechanical cluster 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The paper re-examines the twin concepts of knowledge “tacitness” and “codification”, which both the literature on (broadly defined) industrial districts, and some recent econometric literature on “localized knowledge spillovers” have possibly mis-handled. Even within specialized local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) clusters, knowledge may be highly codified and firm-specific. The case study on Brescia mechanical firms shows that knowledge, rather than flowing freely within the cluster boundaries, circulates within a few smaller “epistemic communities”, each centered around the mechanical engineers of individual machine producers, and spanning to a selected number of suppliers’ and customers’ technicians. Physical distance among members of each community vary a lot, but even local messages may be highly codified. 相似文献
20.
Projects and firms as discordant complements: organisational learning in the Munich software ecology
In current theorising, projects and firms are understood as “learning organisations”. Although the learning function can be regarded as constituent for both organisational forms, the specific learning mechanisms are connected with opposing features (e.g. long-term, trustful collaboration versus short cyclical, disruptive collaboration). Referring to the first results of qualitative research conducted on the Munich software cluster, this paper aims to explore the functional interplay between projects and firms with regard to organisational learning. The main thesis is that processes of improvement, failure eradication and knowledge accumulation are more likely to take place in firms whereas processes of structural change are more likely to be organised in a project. In complementing one another these functions, however, also generate inconsistencies like contravening learning incentives or contingency traps. Therefore, projects and firms may be regarded as “discordant complements”. 相似文献