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1.
退耕还林生态补偿契约设计及效率问题研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
退耕还林生态补偿政策一般通过政府和农户签订委托——代理契约的形式实施,设计最优的激励契约成为后退耕还林时期退耕还林生态补偿政策研究的重点。本文主要研究信息对称和不对称信息条件下不同类型农户退耕还林生态补偿契约的设计问题,探讨政府与高技术农户和低技术农户之间生态补偿契约的效率问题。研究显示,政府和农户经济收益信息的不对称会使高技术农户低报自己的收益以获得信息租金,获得高于标准支付的生态补偿支付,增加契约的激励成本;而低技术农户获得低于标准支付的生态补偿支付,影响农户退耕还林的意愿,增加契约的摩擦成本。最后讨论退耕还林生态补偿政策如何减少生态补偿契约效率损失的对策,提出退耕还林生态补偿契约的设计应根据当地高技术农户和低技术农户的比例和生态环境产品的关注度进行权衡和选择,以减少契约效率的损失。 相似文献
2.
休耕是实施“藏粮于地”战略、落实耕地保护政策、践行生态文明思想的重要举措,探究休耕生态补偿政策对农户收入的影响,对于评估和完善休耕制度具有重要意义。本文以华北平原地下水超采区为例,运用330个农户样本的调研数据,通过倾向得分匹配法和分位数回归法,分析休耕生态补偿对休耕农户收入的影响及其对不同收入水平休耕农户的影响差异。研究发现：①休耕生态补偿对休耕农户收入整体上具有正向影响,家庭人均收入水平提高约24%;农户主要通过增加非农就业来增加间接收入实现增收,而无法实现非农就业的休耕农户收入会减少。②休耕生态补偿对不同收入水平的休耕农户收入影响存在差异,对中等收入和中等偏下收入农户群体的家庭收入具有显著正向影响,对低收入、中等偏上和高收入农户群体的家庭收入影响不显著。③农户家庭人均收入水平受到农户自身特征的影响,家庭平均受教育程度、平均健康程度、村干部家庭、外出务工劳动力、耕地面积、租入耕地、参加专业技能培训对农户家庭人均收入有显著的正向影响。完善休耕生态补偿制度,需要充分尊重农户休耕意愿,着力解决休耕区域剩余劳动力再就业的问题,对于低收入水平的休耕农户,可以提供公益性岗位等特殊就业渠道。 相似文献
3.
流域禁止和限制开发区农户生态补偿受偿意愿的差异性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《软科学》2019,(12):121-126
基于希克斯需求理论,以大汶河流域实地走访调研的微观数据为基础,采用双边界二分选择式条件价值评估法估计禁止和限制开发区农户的生态补偿受偿意愿,并运用双边界Tobit模型分析影响农户受偿意愿的因素及边际效应的差异性。研究表明:(1)流域禁止和限制开发区农户的平均受偿意愿分别为1511.18元/年·户和961.71元/年·户,所需得到的生态补偿标准取值区间分别为1511.18元/年·户至1675.36元/年·户和961.71元/年·户至1113.10元/年·户;(2)两类主体功能区中愿意接受生态补偿的农户对于受偿方式的选择差异不大;(3)性别对禁止开发区农户的受偿意愿有显著正向影响,对限制开发区农户影响不显著;家庭年收入水平、禁限开发区生态治理的必要性、对生态补偿政策了解程度、对生态补偿政策的心理预期对两类主体功能区农户的受偿意愿有显著负向影响;对流域生态的满意度、禁限规划对收入的减损程度、水环境产权意识对两类主体功能区农户的受偿意愿有显著正向影响。最后,基于研究结论给出相应的政策建议。 相似文献
4.
《资源科学》2017,(9)
了解湿地保护区农户生态补偿政策偏好有助于湿地及其周边生态环境的改善。本研究选取陕西汉中朱鹮保护区300份有效农户数据,采用选择实验法分析农户对不同湿地生态补偿方案的偏好及受偿意愿。研究结果表明:(1)补偿政策设计对于农户参与意愿影响显著,其中方案实施年限、土地参与比例、农药减少比例的影响为负,补偿额度的影响为正;(2)年龄、受教育程度、保护认知、居住在保护区内、家庭人口数和人均年收入显著影响农户对湿地生态补偿政策属性的偏好,年龄对农户参与生态补偿意愿的影响为负,其他个体特征的影响为正;(3)在补偿标准制定方面,湿地周边农户年受偿意愿的均值为608.56元/hm~2,若延长1年的实施期,需要额外对每公顷土地补偿8.09元;若土地参与比例增加1%,需要额外对每公顷土地补偿58.00元;若农户减少10%的农药使用量,需要额外对每公顷土地补偿45.91元。中国湿地生态补偿标准的制定既要考虑到不同设计对于农户的影响,也要考虑到农户的人口特征,实行动态富有弹性的补偿标准。 相似文献
5.
城市边缘区不同类型农户对宅基地流转的认知与响应——以衡阳市酃湖乡两个典型村为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用衡阳市酃湖乡农户的调查数据,运用Logistic模型,探讨了城市边缘区不同类型农户宅基地流转的意愿及其影响因素。结果表明:①整体上,调查区农户宅基地流转意愿偏低,影响不同类型农户决策的因子呈现整体一致、局部差异的特征;②不同类型农户的共同影响因子是经济因素和社会因素,出租和出售是主要的流转方式。流转政策认知程度低、乡土情结重与就业压力大是农户流转决策的主要障碍因子;③纯农业型农户宅基地流转意愿受到年龄、劳动力投入量与自然灾害频率的影响。但该类型农户宅基地流转意愿最高,以出售为主要流转方式;一兼农业型与农工兼具型农户的影响因子一致,以出租为主要流转方式;二兼农业型农户影响因素最少,流转意愿最低,流转方式以出租和入股为主;纯非农业型农户流转决策受外出务工收入和家庭人口数量影响较大,流转意愿最高,以出租和置换为主要流转方式。研究认为,尽管不同类型农户宅基地流转意愿影响因素存在差异,但核心问题还在于流转政策。政府应在农户自愿基础上,完善现有农户宅基地流转政策,解决农户后顾之忧,将有助于提高农户流转意愿。 相似文献
6.
推进宅基地腾退是缓解中国土地资源配置效率低下的重要举措。这一政策的核心在于了解农户补偿偏好,设计合理的补偿方案,促进农户自愿退出宅基地。本文设计了一个包括补偿方式、补偿速度、补偿比例、付款模式、配套服务和资金来源6个属性在内的分组选择实验方案,在调查数据的基础上,重点比较了货币补偿、住房置换和就业安置3种补偿方式下的农户选择偏好以及异质性来源。结果发现：①只要政策公开透明,补偿标准合理,多数农户具备参与宅基地腾退的意愿,且更倾向于选择直接的货币补偿方式;②非货币补偿方式也表现出了一定的政策潜力,对于更为年轻、受教育程度更高、收入水平更高以及所拥有的宅基地距离县城更远、重要程度更低的群体具有吸引力;③受教育程度和收入水平是影响农户选择何种配套服务和资金来源的两个重要因素,受教育程度越低、年收入越低的农户越偏好教育培训与补缴社保,且更倾向选择财政拨付渠道的补偿资金来源。本文的发现为如何更加科学精准地制定退地补偿计划提供政策启示。 相似文献
7.
为明确不同影响因素下农户采纳稻虾共养技术的意愿,分析农户对生态农业技术的采纳意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,男性户主、拥有村干部身份的农户显著正向影响其采纳意愿,户主年龄显著负向影响其采纳意愿;农户现有种植规模、农业纯收入显著正向影响其采纳意愿,耕地细碎化程度显著负向影响其采纳意愿;农户对稻虾共养技术的认知、经济效益认知和邻里效应均显著正向影响其采纳意愿;政府技术培训、农业政策支持和农业支持保护补贴对农户采纳意愿的影响程度均不显著。通过以上分析,为进一步促进稻虾共养技术推广提供理论参考。 相似文献
8.
基于农户调查的东部沿海地区农地规模经营意愿及其影响因素分析 总被引：25，自引：2，他引：23
农地规模经营是促进农民增收与粮食增产的重要途径。利用东部沿海3省1市的323个农户抽样调查数据,构建了包括户主个人特征、农户家庭状况、农户经济特征、外部因素在内的Logistic模型,分析农户农地规模经营意愿及其影响因素。结果表明：①区域农地规模经营意愿强烈,61.0%的农户期待农地规模经营,农地规模经营意愿呈现由浙江、江苏、天津向山东递降的趋势;②户主就业类型、农地租赁行为、农业技术培训、通勤条件、农地资源禀赋是影响农地规模经营意愿的主要因素,其中就业非农化程度越高、农地资源越为丰裕,农地规模经营意愿越弱;有效的农业技术培训、完善的通勤条件,有助于推进农地规模经营经营;已经发生农地租赁行为的农户,其农地规模经营意愿越强;③鉴于农地规模经营意愿存在显著的区域差异与个体差异,分区、分类推进农地规模经营,是可行的政策选择。 相似文献
9.
《中国科技论坛》2020,(6)
本文基于湖北省农户调查数据,运用熵值法计算出农户禀赋总量与分维水平,构建Probit模型探究农户禀赋对环境友好型技术补贴方式选择意愿的影响。分析结果表明:①农户对环境友好型技术补贴方式的选择意愿呈现出一定的差异性,69.30%的受访农户倾向于选择直接补贴,30.70%的农户倾向于选择间接补贴;②农户禀赋总量水平显著影响农户的环境友好型技术补贴方式选择意愿,分维水平中农户的人力禀赋、经济禀赋和社会禀赋对补贴方式的选择意愿均有显著影响;③影响农户对环境友好型技术补贴方式选择的因素有健康状况、技术易得情况、农业收入占比、职业经历、邻居技术支持和网络安装情况,此外不同地区农户的选择意愿呈现一定的差异。对此,本文提出农业补贴政策制定应避免"一刀切",以此来提高环境友好型技术补贴政策的精准化和实施效果。 相似文献
10.
农业废弃物资源化生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素及其差异性分析——基于湖北省农户调查的实证研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
本文利用湖北省农村地区的调查数据,运用Binary Logistic回归模型分析了农户对农业废弃物资源化生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素及其差异性.研究表明:①73.4％的农户愿意为农业废弃物资源化所带来的生态效益付费;②影响农户支付意愿的关键因素按贡献度大小排序依次为性别、对环境的依赖程度、对农业废弃物资源化有益于人体健康的价值认同、农业收入所占比、对农业废弃物资源化有益于农村发展的价值认同、农业经济规模、对环境状况的评价和环境知识了解程度;③不同性别、不同农业收入所占比、不同环境知识、不同心理感知等限定条件下,影响农户对农业废弃物资源化生态补偿支付意愿的因素具有异质性:男性更加注重农业废弃物资源化对人体健康的影响;对于农业收入所占比“一般”的农户,文化程度是影响其支付意愿的关键因素,但这种影响受环境知识水平限制;对环境状况评价“较好”的农户更为重视对现有环境的维护. 相似文献
11.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
12.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
14.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
15.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
17.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献