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在总结目前关于癌变过程基本认识和锻炼与癌症联系的国内外文献基础上,综述了锻炼影响癌症发生和发展的可能途径及其生物学机制,指出锻炼通过调节致癌物的激活与解毒,DNA修复过程和氧化损伤,肿瘤免疫,炎症反应,细胞增殖与凋亡过程,能量平衡、体重/身体成分,类固醇激素,血管发生等机制干预癌症的发生和发展.虽然明确了锻炼与癌症的某些联系,但有些途径和机制仍未得到澄清,需要进行更细致的研究.以后的研究应重视几个方面:1)标准化与锻炼有关的变量,以便不同的研究进行比较,也便于确定产生显著抗癌作用的锻炼形式、强度、持续时间和频率等要素;2)注意各生物学途径间的相互影响;3)应包括非荷瘤动物和人,确定可否从动物转移到人体干预,从临床干预转移到锻炼预防和康复. 相似文献
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4周有氧运动对肥胖儿童少年动脉粥样硬化致病相关因子的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的:观察4周有氧运动对肥胖儿童少年运动减肥后体脂率、胰岛素、血脂、血管慢性炎症因子等动脉粥样硬化致病相关因子的影响。方法:以参加2011年上海巅峰运动减肥夏令营的30名肥胖儿童少年为研究对象,进行4周中小强度有氧运动为主结合适当饮食控制的减肥运动训练。分别于运动减肥的前一天和最后一天测试受试对象身高、体重、体脂率等身体形态指标及血液指标。结果:运动后肥胖儿童少年体脂率显著下降,空腹血清胰岛素、血脂水平与运动前相比均有明显改善,血清脂蛋白酯酶水平明显升高,脂酰辅酶A胆固醇酰基转移酶-2、肿瘤坏死因子-α、血管内皮细胞生长因子水平显著降低。结论:4周有氧运动可以明显降低肥胖儿童少年的肥胖程度、胰岛素水平,明显改善胰岛素敏感性和血脂代谢,一定程度上抑制血管内皮功能障碍及炎性病变,对预防肥胖青少年成年后发生动脉粥样硬化具有积极的作用。 相似文献
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目的:通过对实验前后50-59岁超重女性身体成分指标进行对比研究,了解健身舞步对中年女性身体成分的影响,引导中年女性建立健康的生活方式,同时为健身舞步的健身作用提供科学的理论依据.方法:选取50名超重女性作为研究对象,参与8周健身舞步运动,采用身体成分分析仪测试运动干预前后身体成分.结果:8周运动干预后,身体成分各个指标均低于运动干预前,并且存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:健身舞步运动能够降低机体体重、BMI、脂肪含量、脂肪百分比等,对于身体成分具有良好的改善作用. 相似文献
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以10名肥胖女性为研究对象,通过12周的有氧运动结合穴位按摩的双重干预下,测量并分析干预前后体重、BMI、胸围、腰围、臀围、大腿围、上臂围、WHR八项身体形态指标的变化情况。研究表明,通过12周双重干预,肥胖女性在体重、围度、BMI和WHR等指标都出现显著性变化,说明有氧运动结合穴位按摩能够有效降低脂肪的堆积,改善身体形态。 相似文献
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目的:对7名肥胖男性青少年进行为期21天的封闭式综合干预(运动、营养、生活方式、心理教育等)减肥。通过比较综合干预前后研究对象身体形态指标、血液生化指标和生活习惯的变化,探讨综合干预对肥胖青少年健康的改善和促进作用。方法:以2011年参加沈阳体育学院运动智能控重中心减肥夏令营的7名体脂率>29%的男性肥胖青少年为研究对象,综合干预开始时测试身高、体重、体脂百分比(PBF)、身体质量指数(BMI)、脂肪体重、瘦体重、腰围、臀围等身体形态指标和血脂四项、血清葡萄糖(Glu)和血清胰岛素(FIN)等血液生化指标。经运动负荷试验和体格检查,排除心血管机能障碍等危险因素后确定个体减肥方案。采取运动干预、营养干预、心理干预以及生活方式干预等综合干预方案,21天后测定相同指标并与刚入营时进行比较。结果:经过21天的综合干预,肥胖青少年体重、身体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分比(PBF)、脂肪体重、腰围、臀围等身体形态指标和空腹血脂、血清胰岛素(FIN)指标明显改善,空腹血糖(Glu)没有变化。结论:21天的综合干预对肥胖男性青少年身体形态和血液生化指标有明显改善作用。 相似文献
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目的:研究女性知识分子的体成分与骨密度的关系.方法:应用GE Insight和Inbody 3.0测试630名不同年龄组女性知识分子的骨密度与身体成分,并进行统计分析.结果:女性知识分子的体重、肌肉、体脂肪、腰臀比、BMI随年龄的增大而增大,存在显著性差异;不同年龄组人群骨总量存在着非常显著性差异,骨强度在20～29岁达到最大,30～34岁、50～54岁明显下降;骨质正常占80.2%,缺乏占15.5%,疏松占3.3%;身高与骨强度、T、Z存在负相关,脂肪%与骨强度、T存在负相关,体重、BMI、去脂体重与Z值存在显著的相关性;BMI正常占67.6%. 相似文献
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目的：探析高强度间歇训练(high-intensity interval training,HIIT)对青年女性身体活动(physical activity,PA)和身体成分的影响,并进一步探究HIIT对身体成分的干预效果是否受到PA影响。方法：招募62名非规律运动青年女性,随机分为HIIT组(HIIT,n=30)和对照组(CON,n=32)。HIIT组完成12周,每周3次的训练：训练目标强度为90%HRmax,每次训练中20 s功能性训练和10 s休息为1组,重复8组,共4 min。CON组不参与运动。干预前、后分别进行问卷调查、身体成分、心肺耐力和PA测试。采用配对t检验分析干预前后组内差异,采用混合线性模型分析干预前、后组间差异。对组间差异显著的结果指标构建模型,以HIIT、PA和交互项为固定效应,以个体差异为随机效应。结果：1)与CON组相比,12周干预后HIIT组体脂率和脂肪重量显著改善(P<0.001),其中,脂肪重量效应量中等(Cohen’s d=1.02),体脂率效应量大(Cohen’s d=1.25);而体重、身体质量指数、腰围和去脂体重无... 相似文献
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铬是动物机体必需微量元素之一,在人体中代谢中也起着重要的作用,它可以作为葡萄糖耐受因子的组成成分,协助胰岛素发挥生理功能。它可促进胰岛素的生物学功能,同时控制着氛基酸、糖和脂代谢全过程,缺铬能影响糖耐量和引起血脂代谢紊乱,引起疾病。运动可导致机体对铬需求的增加,铬补充对运动员肌肉力量、瘦体重可产生较好影响。本文主要综述了铬在人体内的存在与代谢,生物学作用,以及其与糖代谢的关系。 相似文献
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Joanna Kruk 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):437-445
Abstract Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, although research findings are inconsistent regarding the type, duration, intensity, and frequency of activities that are necessary to reduce the risk, as well as dependence on menopausal status. To address these issues, I examined the effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk among 858 Polish invasive breast cancer cases and 1085 controls. Data on components of lifetime household, occupational, and recreational activities were collected in 2003–2007, using a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional logistic regression analyses and a full assessment of confounding variables. For all types of physical activity, odds ratios were calculated for self-reported and compendium-based assigned levels of activity. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity total and recreational activities, as well as moderate- and long-lasting low-intensity household activities, lowered the risk by at least 44% for the highest versus lowest quartiles of activity in both menopausal groups. The associations were linear (Ptrend≤ 0.009). There was a suggestion of a risk reduction for occupational activity among post-menopausal women. These findings show that a risk reduction can be achieved by vigorous-intensity activities or by longer-lasting activities of moderate-intensity. 相似文献
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This study explored psychosocial experiences of breast cancer survivors involved in dragon boat programs. Twenty women (M(age) = 58.69, SD = 6.85) were interviewed for 45-60 min about their experiences as members of survivor dragon boat teams. Interviews were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory methods. The dragon boat program facilitated social support from women with common challenges and a shared understanding of survivorship. It also provided opportunities to (re)gain a sense of personal control, develop new identities as athletes, and overcome physical challenges. Together these elements contributed to positive psychological growth and linked to the literature on posttraumatic growth. Future physical activity interventions targeting breast cancer survivors may benefit from developing strategies that share key characteristics of dragon boating. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(5):560-569
BackgroundInconsistent results have been reported in developed countries for relationships between sedentary behavior and cancer incidence and mortality, and evidence from the Chinese population is scarce. This study aimed to investigate such relationships in large Chinese population-based prospective cohorts and to explore the joint effect and interaction of sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on these relationships.MethodsWe included 95,319 Chinese adults without cancer from 3 large cohorts and assessed their sedentary behavior and physical activity with a unified questionnaire. Cancer incidence and mortality were confirmed by interviewing participants or their proxies and checking hospital records and death certificates. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for cancer and mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsDuring 559,002 person-years of follow-up, 2388 cancer events, 1571 cancer deaths, and 4562 all-cause deaths were recorded. Sedentary behavior was associated with increased risk of developing cancer and deaths in a dose–response manner. The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95%CIs) were the following: HR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01‒1.33; HR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.04‒1.48; and HR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.04‒1.28 for cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality, respectively, for those having ≥10 h/day of sedentary time compared with those having <6 h/day of sedentary time. Sedentary populations (≥10 h/day) developed cancer or died 4.09 years and 2.79 years earlier, respectively, at the index age of 50 years. Failure to achieve the recommended level of MVPA may further aggravate the adverse associations, with the highest cancer and mortality risks being observed among participants with both ≥10 h/day of sedentary time and <150 min/week of MVPA. Limitations of this study include the fact that physical activity information was obtained via questionnaire instead of objective measurement and that there were insufficient incident cases for the analysis of associations between sedentary behavior and site-specific cancers.ConclusionSedentary behavior was associated with an increased risk of cancer and all-cause mortality among Chinese adults, especially for those with ≥10 h/day of sedentary time. It is necessary to reduce sedentary time, in addition to increasing MVPA levels, for the prevention of cancer and premature death. 相似文献
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David C. Nieman 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2012,1(1):12-17
Maintaining leanness and a physically active lifestyle during adulthood reduces systemic inflammation, an underlying factor in multiple chronic diseases. The anti-inflammatory influence of near-daily physical activity in lowering C-reactive protein, total blood leukocytes, interleukin-6, and other inflammatory cytokines may play a key role in lowering risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia, and dementia. Moderate exercise training causes favorable perturbations in immunity and a reduction in incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). During each bout of moderate exercise, an enhanced recirculation of immunoglobulins, neutrophils, and natural killer cells occurs that persists for up to 3-h post-exercise. This exercise-induced surge in immune cells from the innate immune system is transient but improves overall surveillance against pathogens. As moderate exercise continues on a near-daily basis for 12–15 weeks, the number of symptoms days with URTI is decreased 25%–50% compared to randomized sedentary controls. Epidemiologic and animal studies support this inverse relationship between URTI risk and increased physical activity. 相似文献
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Nicola Brown Jennifer White Amanda Brasher Joanna Scurr 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):801-809
AbstractAlthough it is acknowledged that appropriate breast support during exercise is important, no published literature has assessed breast support usage in a cohort of female marathon runners. This study aimed to identify sport bra use and perceived importance of sports bra use in female marathon runners. Bra satisfaction, incidence of bra related issues and factors that influence the appropriateness of sports bras were also investigated. A 4-part, 30-question survey was administered to 1397 female runners at the 2012 London marathon registration and via an online survey. In total 1285 surveys were completed. Sports bra use and its perceived importance was high, however was lower in moderate compared to vigorous activity, and lower in participants with smaller breasts. Seventy-five per cent of participants reported bra fit issues. The most common issues were chaffing and shoulder straps digging in, with a higher incidence of issues reported by participants with larger breasts. Use of professional bra fitting was low, and perceived knowledge of breast health was poor. Engagement with sports bra use is high although sports bra design could be improved to alleviate bra fit issues experienced by female runners. Educational initiatives are needed to ensure females are informed regarding the importance of breast support and appropriate bra fit during activity. 相似文献
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全球儿童青少年的肥胖发病率逐年增高,身体活动不足,每天参加足够量的身体活动是促进其身心健康发展的基本保障。我国儿童青少年面对繁重的学业和大量的家庭作业,课外体育活动参与的时间大大减少,体育课成为了唯一能促使学生参与中等到大强度身体活动的场所。通过SOFIT工具对上海市黄浦区5所小学的217节体育课的学生身体活动水平和教师教学行为进行了观测,分析发现:上海市小学生体育课中的身体活动水平偏低,能够达到50%以上时间进行中等到大强度身体活动(MVPA)的课时比率非常少。教师用于课堂管理和知识讲解的时间过多,且对促进学生进行MVPA的语言干预不够,这些均影响了学生的课内身体活动水平。建议除对学生的活动时间高度重视外,还应该重视学生课内身体活动强度;体育教师应做到“精讲多练”,推动学生积极的参与体育活动;注重开发优质的体育课程。 相似文献
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The study aim was to examine constructs of autonomy support and competence as well as the motivation continuum from the self-determination theory (SDT) as a framework for understanding physical activity (PA) motivation and behavior in breast cancer survivors. Questionnaires assessing demographics, medical factors, PA, motivation continuum, perceived autonomy support, and competence were completed by 558 breast cancer survivors. Results showed that lymphedema (chi2 = 7.9, p < .01) (chi2 = 4.6, p < .05) were associated with meeting PA guidelines. Moreover, survivors meeting PA guidelines reported more identified regulations and intrinsic motivation (p < .01), autonomy support (p < .01), and competence (p < .01). Forced entry hierarchical regression analysis showed that SDT constructs explained 20.2% (p < .01) of the PA variance. Significant independent SDT predictors included identified regulation (Beta = .14, p < .05) and competence (Beta = .23, p < .01), with autonomy support approaching significance (Beta = .9, p = .057). SDT may be a useful model for understanding PA motivation and behavior in breast cancer survivors. 相似文献
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Purpose:This study investigated the effects of obesity on breast size,thoracic spine structure and function,upper torso musculoskeletal pain and physical activity participation in women living independently in the community.Methods:A total of 378 women were divided into 3 groups(Not Overweight:body mass index(BMI)=22.5±0.2 kg/m^2(mean±SE);Overweight:BMI=27.4±0.3 kg/m^2;Obese:BMI=35.4±0.3 kg/m^2).Outcome variables of breast volume(mL),thoracic flexion torque(N·m),thoracic kyphosis(degrees),upper torso musculoskeletal pain(score) and time spent in physical activity(min) were calculated and compared among the 3 groups,adjusting for between-group differences in age.Results:There was a significant main effect of BMI on all outcome variables.Participants classified as Obese displayed significantly larger breasts,had greater thoracic flexion torques and reported less time participating in physical activity relative to the participants who were classified as Not Overweight and Overweight.Participants in the Obese group also displayed significantly more thoracic kyphosis and reported significantly more upper torso musculoskeletal pain compared to their counterparts who were classified as Not Overweight.Conclusion:This study is the first to demonstrate that increased obesity levels were associated with compromised kyphosis and loading of the thoracic spine,as well as increased symptoms of upper torso musculoskeletal pain and reduced time spent in physical activity in women living in the community.We recommend further research to determine whether evidence-based interventions designed to reduce the flexion torque generated on the thoracic spine can improve these symptoms of upper torso musculoskeletal pain and the ability of women with obesity to participate in physical activity. 相似文献
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Ian M. Lahart Amtul R. Carmichael Alan M. Nevill George D. Kitas George S. Metsios 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(10):1077-1086
The aim of this current randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of a home-based physical activity (PA) intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness in breast cancer survivors. Thirty-two post-adjuvant therapy breast cancer survivors (age = 52 ± 10 years; BMI = 27.2 ± 4.4 kg?m2) were randomised to a six-month home-based PA intervention with face-to-face and telephone PA counselling or usual care. Cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported PA were assessed at baseline and at six-months. Participants had a mean relative V?O2max of 25.3 ± 4.7 ml?kg?1?min?1, which is categorised as “poor” according to age and gender matched normative values. Magnitude-based inference analyses revealed likely at least small beneficial effects (effect sizes ≥.20) on absolute and relative V?O2 max (d = .44 and .40, respectively), and total and moderate PA (d = .73 and .59, respectively) in the intervention compared to the usual care group. We found no likely beneficial improvements in any other outcome. Our home-based PA intervention led to likely beneficial, albeit modest, increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported PA in breast cancer survivors. This intervention has the potential for widespread implementation and adoption, which could considerably impact on post-treatment recovery in this population. 相似文献
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Rogers LQ Markwell S Hopkins-Price P Vicari S Courneya KS Hoelzer K Verhulst S 《运动与训练心理学杂志》2011,33(2):235-254
To better understand mechanisms of physical activity (PA) behavior change in breast cancer survivors, we examined mediation of a successful PA behavior change intervention by social cognitive theory (SCT) constructs. Our exploratory study randomized 41 breast cancer survivors to receive the 3-month intervention (INT) or usual care (UC). We used the Freedman and Schatzkin approach to examine mediation of intervention effect on PA 3 months postintervention by changes in SCT constructs from baseline to immediately postintervention. Compared with UC, the INT group reported lower barriers interference (mean difference = -7.8, 95% CI [-15.1, -0.4], d = -0.67, p = .04) and greater PA enjoyment (mean difference = 0.7, 95% CI [0, 1.5], d = 0.61, p = .06). Barriers interference mediated 39% (p = .004) of the intervention effect on PA 3 months postintervention. PA enjoyment was not a significant mediator. Reducing barriers to PA partially explained our intervention effect. 相似文献