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1.
Bridging institutions or organisations are regarded as having positive effects in the Sectoral Systems of Innovation (SSI) literature, particularly in compensating for weaknesses in these systems. Yet, we know little about the organisational practices that make their role effective, or the types of innovation paths that they may facilitate within a system. This paper shows how bridging organisations may promote neglected areas of creativity and potential disruptive innovation. These blocked opportunities tend to emerge at the boundaries of SSI: where old sectors overlap and new trajectories form. We draw on the social networks, entrepreneurship and disruptive innovation literature and analyse an intervention in the UK electronic games industry: the evaluation of business propositions exploiting new gaming platforms such as mobile telephones, DVD and film. Using an innovative co-productive research design, the study shows how the effectiveness of bridging organisation activity depends on key design choices and brokerage capabilities. 相似文献
2.
A key element in the adoption of innovation is addressing the knowledge gap caused by its introduction in practice. This study examines the context in which information is searched, found and retrieved, reviewing previous related research work, especially in the area of cognitive information retrieval. As result of an extensive review of research literature on the adoption of online learning design systems in education and on information behaviour, the study proposes a social adoption of innovation model, which includes information systems and social networks, and features innovators and adopters of innovation that influence each other and participate simultaneously in the process of knowledge generation. The study also proposes two symbolic equations for general knowledge behaviour and general information seeking skills that reflect the contribution of multiple sources of information and the type of skills that are needed as part of the overall knowledge behaviour. 相似文献
3.
国家高技术研发计划评估体系研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文针对国家高技术研究发展(863)计划的特点,构建了基于技术创新理论的嵌入式“863”计划评估体系的分析框架;在总结“863”计划实践经验的基础上,确立了“863”计划实施与评估准则,并通过准则将评估活动与创新过程有机结合起来;同时,对评估技术在评估系统中的应用以及计划绩效的度量提出了策略性建议。本文强调重视评估的质量、范围、以及独立性设计,关注绩效度量指标以及评估技术的选取,强调独立评估对提高评估质量的重要性。计划评估体系的建立有利于对“863”计划有效性进行全面、实时、准确和可靠的评估。 相似文献
4.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2021,5(4):161-174
The aim of this study is to inspect differences in internationalisation level of firms from a transitional economy based on their innovation outcomes, open innovation and organisational learning practices. Results indicate that firms with lower internationalisation level owe their innovation success to coupled and outbound open innovation practices that originate from market research, competitor tracking and public information. Mediating effect of outbound innovation is present in the relationship between market research and innovation success. Firms with higher internationalisation level do not exhibit significant effect of open innovation on innovation success, but their organisational learning antecedents such as market research and research and development negatively affect innovation success, while public information and forecasting have a significant positive effect on innovation success. The major contribution of this study is the understanding of how organisational learning antecedents and open innovation practices interact in firms with different internationalisation levels, whereby firms with higher internationalisation level already have competitive advantage that lower internationalisation firms need to achieve. 相似文献
5.
基于网络环境的组织与制度创新及其互动研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
网络环境下,以组织和制度为重点的管理模式必然发生深刻的变化,不仅需要组织与制度不断进行相应的创新,而且要求组织与制度创新必须保持高度的协同匹配。在相关理论研究回顾的基础上,从信息角度分析了基于网络环境的组织与制度创新的必然性及其信息内涵,并以海尔集团为案例研究了基于网络环境的以创新文化为先导的组织与制度互动创新。 相似文献
6.
Many years after the introduction of the innovation system concept in innovation policy design, it is still not clear whether innovation policy evaluation practices follow a system approach. Building on evaluation and innovation studies, this article develops the concept ‘system oriented innovation policy evaluation’ based on four attributes (coverage, perspective, temporality and expertise). The attributes are used as analytical devices for gathering extensive empirical evidence on the actual practices of EU28 member states. The findings show that few countries have developed a type of innovation policy evaluation that is system oriented. The advent of a system approach to innovation policy evaluation offers the opportunity of comprehensive, contextualized and evidence-based innovation policy-making. However, there are still serious obstacles as such an approach requires important knowledge and organisational capacities. Overcoming these obstacles would need more decided evaluation capacity-building at the national level. 相似文献
7.
潘琼 《科学．经济．社会》2010,28(2):119-122,140
为了克服计划经济存留的弊端,提升科研管理绩效,动态创生下的组织变革是高校科研管理部门的必然选择。7S模型的引入,为在更高层面上探讨高校科研管理组织变革,提供了理想架构。基于7S模型的高校科研管理组织变革,以信息技术为支撑,以组织战略、组织结构、制度、共同价值观、领导风格、科研管理人员和管理技能等7个关键要素的有序变化为保证。 相似文献
8.
This paper is an attempt to present disclosive ethics as a framework for computer and information ethics – in line with the
suggestions by Brey, but also in quite a different manner. The potential of such an approach is demonstrated through a disclosive
analysis of facial recognition systems. The paper argues that the politics of information technology is a particularly powerful
politics since information technology is an opaque technology – i.e. relatively closed to scrutiny. It presents the design
of technology as a process of closure in which design and use decisions become black-boxed and progressively enclosed in increasingly
complex socio-technical networks. It further argues for a disclosive ethics that aims to disclose the nondisclosure of politics
by claiming a place for ethics in every actual operation of power – as manifested in actual design and use decisions and practices.
It also proposes that disclosive ethics would aim to trace and disclose the intentional and emerging enclosure of politics
from the very minute technical detail through to social practices and complex social-technical networks. The paper then proceeds
to do a disclosive analysis of facial recognition systems. This analysis discloses that seemingly trivial biases in recognition
rates of FRSs can emerge as very significant political acts when these systems become used in practice.
Paper prepared for the Technology and Ethics Workshop at Twente 相似文献
9.
Data-driven innovation has received increasing attention, which explores big data technologies to gain more insights and advantages for product design. In user experience (UX) based design innovation, user-generated data and archived design documents are two valuable resources for various design activities such as identifying opportunities and generating design ideas. However, these two resources are usually isolated in different systems. Additionally, design information typically represented based on functional aspects is limited for UX-oriented design. To facilitate experience-oriented design activities, we propose a twin data-driven approach to integrate UX data and archived design documents. In particular, we aim to extract UX concepts from product reviews and design concepts from patents respectively and to discover associations between the extracted concepts. First, a UX-integrated design information representation model is proposed to associate capabilities with key elements of UX at the concept, category, and aspect levels of information. Based on this model, a twin data-driven approach is developed to bridge experience information and design information. It contains three steps: experience aspect identification using an attention-based LSTM (Long short-term memory) network, design information categorization based on topic clustering using BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and LAD (Latent Dirichlet allocation) model, and experience needs and design information integration by leveraging word embedding techniques to measure concept similarity. A case study using healthcare-related experience and design information has demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach. 相似文献
10.
Krishna P. Jayakar 《The Information Society》2013,29(2):155-169
Leading developing countries have recently introduced some reforms in their national intellectual property regimes to harmonize them with international treaties and agreements. However, major differences remain in how these laws are applied to different information industries, and how they are enforced on the ground. While intellectual property law applies to a host of information products ranging from music to computer programs, governments have selectively enforced the law in some information industries, while neglecting to extend the same protection to others. Based on the comparative institutionalist approach, this article identifies two variables--state-industry linkages and level of innovative activity--that may explain the selective enforcement of intellectual property law. Intellectual property rights were expected to be better protected in information industries with strong state-industry linkages and higher levels of domestic innovation. This expectation was tested through a comparative study of four intellectual property industries from the Asian region. The results confirmed the expectation, but also demonstrated that strong state-industry linkages may independently correlate with high levels of intellectual property protection, even in industries where the current levels of innovative activity are low. 相似文献
11.
Krishna P. Jayakar 《The Information Society》2003,19(2):155-169
Leading developing countries have recently introduced some reforms in their national intellectual property regimes to harmonize them with international treaties and agreements. However, major differences remain in how these laws are applied to different information industries, and how they are enforced on the ground. While intellectual property law applies to a host of information products ranging from music to computer programs, governments have selectively enforced the law in some information industries, while neglecting to extend the same protection to others. Based on the comparative institutionalist approach, this article identifies two variables--state-industry linkages and level of innovative activity--that may explain the selective enforcement of intellectual property law. Intellectual property rights were expected to be better protected in information industries with strong state-industry linkages and higher levels of domestic innovation. This expectation was tested through a comparative study of four intellectual property industries from the Asian region. The results confirmed the expectation, but also demonstrated that strong state-industry linkages may independently correlate with high levels of intellectual property protection, even in industries where the current levels of innovative activity are low. 相似文献
12.
According to the life cycle model of technological evolution, after the emergence of a dominant design, technological product industries undergo an “era of incremental change.” This era of incremental change is not well understood in the existing literature. Although the period is typically characterized in terms of stability and minimal innovation, we find that the era of incremental change can be actually quite dynamic. Through our research into the period of time following the emergence of a dominant design in automotive emission control systems, we find that the overall product innovation in the industry did not decline immediately following the dominant design, and increased throughout the era of incremental change. Further, we find that firms maintain their attention on the same core components that they innovated upon before the dominant design, but that these components make up less of the overall proportion of total innovation throughout the era of incremental change. Finally, we found that the concentration of innovating firms in the industry increases immediately following the dominant design, and this concentration decreases over time throughout the era of incremental change. Findings imply a pattern of contraction and expansion in the era of incremental change that extends previous work on the technological product life cycles and helps to characterize the era of incremental change in a novel way. 相似文献
13.
David M. Hart 《Research Policy》2009,38(4):647-654
This paper advances a friendly critique of the national systems of innovation approach and offers some suggestions for its future development. I argue that the approach has difficulty accounting for bounded change in national systems. I review three recent changes in the U.S. innovation system - the Internet boom and bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s, the response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the acceleration of productivity growth since the mid-1990s - in order to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the framework in this respect. Future research might be enriched, at least in the case of large national innovation systems, by absorbing concepts developed in other strands of institutionalist literature, such as “intercurrence” and “embeddedness”. 相似文献
14.
提出企业微创新是一种随着互联网的发展而普遍涌现的创新思维,但目前理论分析十分缺乏。基于现有创新理论和微创新实践,对"微创新"概念做出了界定,提出其具有渐进式、开放式、草根性和辅助性四个特征。在企业如何进行微创新管理方面,提出对于大中型企业而言,需要关注雇佣观念、控制干预、创新支持、产权保护和创新平衡五个方面,使微创新成为企业研发体系的有机的组织部分。对小微企业来说,需要重点关注发展方向和被模仿的问题,提升微创新能力。 相似文献
15.
定义了信息技术环境下企业组织创新的概念内涵;利用不连续生长曲线、吸引子、吸子盆、匹配图景、分形和非线性发展模式等复杂系统理论与方法探讨了企业组织创新的系统行为及其复杂性。结果表明：（1）信息技术环境下企业组织创新是一项协同性的系统创新,决定系统行为的四个基本变量是组织文化创新、业务流程创新、组织结构创新和信息技术创新;（2）组织文化既是稳定的吸引子,又是不稳定的混沌吸引子;组织文化创新是整个组织创新的先导和保障;（3）通过高绩效的组织创新,处于混沌边缘的组织能够跃迁到一个新的、具有更高复杂性和一致性的动态稳定阶段;（4）在组织系统不连续生长周期的相对稳定阶段和相对不稳定阶段,企业通常分别实施渐进性组织创新和根本性组织创新。 相似文献
16.
动态环境中战略柔性对企业创新绩效具有重要影响,但对其具体作用机制现有文献还缺乏深入剖析。本文从主动与被动两个角度出发,识别了前瞻型战略柔性与反应型战略柔性,在此基础上引入环境变化速度和环境变化难以预测性为调节变量,提出并验证了两种战略柔性对企业创新绩效的不同作用机制。对长三角制造业企业的实证研究表明,前瞻型与反应型战略柔性均对企业创新绩效有正向影响,但其作用效果和机制存在显著差异:总体来看,前瞻型战略柔性对企业创新绩效的效果更明显;环境变化越迅速,前瞻型战略柔性对企业创新绩效的正向作用越明显;环境变化难以预测性越高,反应型战略柔性对企业创新绩效的正向影响作用越明显。这些结论深化和拓展了战略柔性理论,也为企业的战略实践提供了有益参考。 相似文献
17.
This paper analyses urban waste systems to explore how local authorities can resolve challenges related to climate change, urbanization and resource depletion. The paper investigates how different public governance regimes affect local authorities’ ability to move upwards in the waste hierarchy. It identifies three different governance regimes – traditional bureaucracy, new public management and networked governance – and uses the insights from innovation in urban waste in three Norwegian city regions – Oslo, Drammen and Bergen – to illuminate how these regimes possess both strengths and weaknesses in how they affect system optimization and system change. The observed working practices signal that the issue of urban waste systems is perceived as a challenge of system optimization rather than system change. Viewing this as a challenge requiring system change would probably have ensured a stronger directionality and a broader anchoring of actors. Such an approach is likely to have arrived at a waste prevention mode earlier than the step-by-step-solutions implemented so far. The paper concludes that there is not one best governance regime, but a need to acknowledge their co-existence and carefully consider the characteristics of the respective regimes in order to arrange urban waste systems for long-term dynamic and sustainable city regions. 相似文献
18.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103808
We explore the effect of political uncertainty on innovation. In particular, we examine the differential effects of two sources of uncertainty – leaders’ education levels and political regimes (i.e., presidential vs. parliamentary) – on patent applications. We posit that firms react to political uncertainty caused by the unexpected departure of a national leader by investing in patents as growth options. The empirical design analyzes a panel with information from over 62 million patent applications at the aggregated applicant level. Results show that leaders’ unexpected departures cause, on average, increases of approximately 9% in the aggregate growth of patent applications. We also find that the leader’s level of education and the country’s political regime system have significant effects on the relationship between political uncertainty and innovation. The difference between leaders with high and low levels of education accounts for 21% of the change in the growth of patent applications. Further, the effect of political uncertainty on innovation is amplified in presidential systems, which grant leaders more power and make electoral transitions less predictable. The differences between presidential and parliamentary systems account for approximately 16% of the change in the growth of patent applications. As a robustness check, we utilized a subsample of more than 170,000 firms with local and foreign patent applications, as well as a panel of over 5700 government non-profits, universities, and hospitals with local patent applications. Consistent with our theory, the former react to political uncertainty by investing in patents, while the latter remain unaffected. We contribute by showing the theoretical mechanisms linking leader and regime characteristics with patent applications. 相似文献
19.
Dirk Dohse 《Research Policy》2000,29(9)
Only recently, it has been argued that technology policy should give more attention to the regions as they could play a key role in the process of technological change. The German Federal Government has tried to do so by initiating a contest in which Germany's leading Biotech regions competed for a given amount of public funding. This paper reports on the aims, the conceptual design and the results of the BioRegio contest (BRC) and tries to place it into a broader theoretical context. It is shown that the new policy instrument cannot solve the fundamental information problem associated with government intervention into the process of technological change, but that it goes into the right direction by taking the regions seriously and giving prominence to the well-functioning interplay of the various elements of regional innovation systems. 相似文献
20.
知识经济情境下,知识转移对于产学研用协同创新的绩效至关重要。文章引入模块化理论来研究产学研用协同创新过程中的知识转移问题,并重点从产品模块化和组织模块化的视角分别探讨了知识转移的协调机制。在此基础上,以海尔为案例系统地分析了其产品模块化和产学研用协同创新实践,讨论了案例企业采用模块化手段与外部合作资源开展知识交互,以及基于模块化的知识转移协调机制的具体应用。研究发现：模块化不但有助于推动企业与高校、科研院所从“面对面”转向“背靠背”的产学研用协同创新,更有利于调节知识供需双方的知识转移策略;模块接口则作为知识供需双方消除信息不对称、实施知识转移的重要管道。本研究可以为中国企业探索需求驱动下的产学研协同创新模式以及实施知识转移提供借鉴。 相似文献