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1.
Elizabeth A. Barley Joanna Murray Rachel Churchill 《Health information and libraries journal》2009,26(4):298-306
Background and objectives: Clinicians report difficulties using research in their practices. The aim of the study was to describe needs and preferences for a mental health clinical question‐answering service designed to assist this process. Method: Multi‐disciplinary clinicians participated in a focus group; users of the service supplied feedback. Results: Fifty‐four clinicians received answers to 84 questions about mental health treatments. User ratings showed that the answers had multiple uses: informing health care (43), education (22), staff development (28) and research (12), and were considered useful, clear, relevant and helpful. Focus group participants appreciated critically appraised summaries of evidence and stressed the time‐saving benefit of the service. Clinicians without a medical training were least confident in applying evidence. Attitudes to research were positive, but concern was expressed about its potential misuse for political purposes. This appeared to arise from an ambiguity around the term ‘insufficient evidence’, which participants felt is widely misinterpreted as ‘evidence of no effect’. Conclusions: A highly valued, responsive service has been developed. A range of clinicians find critically appraised summaries of research useful. Education about the use of research may help clinicians to be more evidence based. 相似文献
2.
OBJECTIVES: A clinical informationist could provide the best available published evidence in response to clinicians' questions identified during the process of care. This study sought to assess the feasibility of an informationist service and to propose a model for its delivery in an Australian teaching hospital. Whilst similar services are increasing in the UK, with a long history in the USA, this is the first Australian study in an acute public hospital. METHODS: The views of 40/49 (82%) medical staff at the Daw Park Repatriation General Hospital, South Australia were canvassed using a questionnaire designed to address key issues relating to a proposed service. RESULTS: Doctors were receptive to its potential benefits, perceived it as relevant and likely to be used, and were interested in a pilot. They typically indicated a required response time of 24 h. They expressed limited concerns other than a likely high workload for such a service, and reported currently searching infrequently for evidence in response to clinical questions, citing time issues and unavailability of computers as current key barriers to pursuing clinical questions. CONCLUSIONS: An informationist service is feasible. Results suggest that a pilot could be run in an area of acute medicine where questions about therapy and diagnosis are likely to proliferate, and the informationist should attend consultant ward rounds and clinical meetings, aiming to provide a response within 24 h. 相似文献
3.
OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence on the effectiveness of publicity with the aim of encouraging general practitioners (GPs) in Cornwall to make better use of the Cornwall Health Library Service (CHLS). In the light of the findings, a second objective was formulated to determine which resources they used to look for health information. METHODS: A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) measured the effect of two types of publicity, comparing emails with visiting GP practices. After the trial period, a questionnaire was sent to all 332 GPs to ascertain the resources they accessed for their information and any barriers to their use of the CHLS. RESULTS: The GP's use of the library services was lower than the level needed for a conclusive statistical analysis; however, visiting practices was associated with an apparent increase in library use and warrants further investigation. The questionnaire showed that GPs make good use of databases and colleagues. CONCLUSION: The RCT confirmed the low uptake of library services anticipated, but was inconclusive in demonstrating the most effective form of publicity. The questionnaire suggested that a substantial number of GPs are interested in the library services and has provided an insight into the way that GPs look for information in Cornwall. 相似文献
4.
Davies K 《Health information and libraries journal》2011,28(4):285-293
Background: Finding evidence to answer clinical questions is essential to the practice of evidence‐based medicine (EBM). However, practising EBM in primary care is thought to be problematic because of concerns about whether evidence exists to answer specific questions. Objectives: To determine the highest level of evidence per question; to ascertain the number of questions unanswered because of a lack of evidence; to establish the frequency with which guidelines answered questions; and to determine the domain of websites used to answer questions. Methods: Clinical questions were identified from two primary care answering services: ATTRACT and National Library for Health (NLH) Primary Care Answering Service. The types of evidence used to answer the question were noted, including whether this was from systematic reviews or meta‐analyses (level one evidence) or from randomised controlled trials (level two). The data were collected from March to June 2008. Results: Level 1 or level 2 evidence answered 11% of questions. Sixteen per cent were unanswered because of a lack of evidence. Over 40% of questions were answered using guidelines. Forty‐three per cent of questions were answered with one type of evidence and 24% with two. Conclusion: Guidelines are useful resources for primary care clinicians, answering two‐fifths of questions. 相似文献
5.
Suzanne F Grefsheim Susan C Whitmore Barbara A Rapp Jocelyn A Rankin Rex R Robison Candace C Canto 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2010,98(2):147-156
Background:
To encourage evidence-based practice, an Annals of Internal Medicine editorial called for a new professional on clinical teams: an informationist trained in science or medicine as well as information science.Objectives:
The study explored the effects of informationists on information behaviors of clinical research teams, specifically, frequency of seeking information for clinical or research decisions, range of resources consulted, perceptions about access to information, confidence in adequacy of literature searches, and effects on decision making and practice. It also explored perceptions about training and experience needed for successful informationists.Methods:
Exploratory focus groups and key interviews were followed by baseline and follow-up surveys conducted with researchers and clinicians receiving the service. Survey data were analyzed with Pearson''s chi-square or Fisher''s exact test.Results:
Comparing 2006 to 2004 survey responses, the researchers found that study participants reported: seeking answers to questions more frequently, spending more time seeking or using information, believing time was less of an obstacle to finding or using information, using more information resources, and feeling greater satisfaction with their ability to find answers. Participants'' opinions on informationists'' qualifications evolved to include both subject knowledge and information searching expertise.Conclusion:
Over time, clinical research teams with informationists demonstrated changes in their information behaviors, and they valued an informationist''s subject matter expertise more.Highlights
- Informationist involvement in traditional team activities—going on rounds and searching and critically evaluating the literature—increased over time.
- As the relationship between a clinical team and informationist developed, activities expanded to include projects such as development of wikis, databases, and websites.
- Clinical teams came to view subject knowledge as key to an informationist''s preparation; however, their expertise as information scientists was valued most highly.
- “Initiative,” approaching research staff in their workplace, was the one personal trait focus group participants agreed on as most desirable for an informationist.
- When first introduced to the concept, researchers cited customization of services to team needs as a major benefit.
Implications
- To assure a successful informationist program, libraries must be prepared to commit time and money.
- Whether informationists or not, librarians should be prepared to support users'' increased need for genetics and molecular biology information.
6.
Jessie McGowan William Hogg Tamara Rader Doug Salzwedel Danielle Worster Elise Cogo Margo Rowan 《Health information and libraries journal》2010,27(1):11-21
Background: A librarian consultation service was offered to 88 primary care clinicians during office hours. This included a streamlined evidence‐based process to answer questions in fewer than 20 min. This included a contact centre accessed through a Web‐based platform and using hand‐held devices and computers with Web access. Librarians were given technical training in evidence‐based medicine, including how to summarise evidence. Objectives: To describe the process and lessons learned from developing and operating a rapid response librarian consultation service for primary care clinicians. Methods: Evaluation included librarian interviews and a clinician exit satisfaction survey. Results: Clinicians were positive about its impact on their clinical practice and decision making. The project revealed some important ‘lessons learned’ in the clinical use of hand‐held devices, knowledge translation and training for clinicians and librarians. Conclusions: The Just‐in‐Time Librarian Consultation Service showed that it was possible to provide evidence‐based answers to clinical questions in 15 min or less. The project overcame a number of barriers using innovative solutions. There are many opportunities to build on this experience for future joint projects of librarians and healthcare providers. 相似文献
7.
问答式信息检索是新一代搜索引擎,它接收自然语言描述的问题,在文档集合中搜索并返回问题的精确答案.问答式信息检索中,检索模块性能的提高将直接影响问题回答系统的整体性能.本文研究系统中的查询优化技术,包括两种策略:基于模式知识库的查询优化;挖掘Web语义蕴含信息,构建查询扩展资源.本文利用TREC提供的问题集与答案集(TREC8-TREC13)做实验来测试查询优化方法的性能,实验结果表明,相对于传统的查询生成,本文采用的查询优化技术在检索精度上取得了提高,t-test结果证明,系统性能提高统计显著. 相似文献
8.
Taneya Y Koonce Nunzia Bettinsoli Giuse Pauline Todd 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2004,92(4):407-411
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to investigate the effectiveness of evidence-based medicine (EBM) resources in providing evidence for complex clinical questions versus general care management questions to identify situations for their optimal use. METHODS: In this investigation, forty complex clinical questions were randomly selected from an in-house archival database of questions received by librarians during clinical rounds. An additional forty questions were selected from a list of general care management questions received by the library from Pathways teams. To measure the effectiveness of resources in answering the questions, a team of librarians was asked to search UpToDate, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and HealthGate Clinical Guidelines (formerly, EBM Solutions). The team then established consensus on whether a question was fully or partially answered by one of the above-mentioned EBM resources and was instructed to record the instances in which the primary literature needed to be used to answer the question completely. RESULTS: The study found that the EBM resources completely answered 20.0% of the 40 complex clinical questions and 47.5% of the 40 general care management questions, partially answered 40.0% of the complex clinical questions and 22.5% of the general care management questions, and did not answer 40.0% of the complex clinical questions and 30.0% of the general care management questions. CONCLUSION: The pervasive use of EBM resources in answering clinical questions is making it imperative for information specialists to develop an expertise on their appropriate use. By exploring their use in answering complex clinical questions and general care management questions, this paper underlines the strengths and weakness of EBM resources and provides information specialists with some basic knowledge about how these resources can be combined with the primary literature to strengthen their effectiveness. 相似文献
9.
Jocelyn A. Rankin Suzanne F. Grefsheim Candace C. Canto 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2008,96(3):194-206
Purpose:
A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize what is known about informationists, highlight program models, and suggest areas for future research.Methods:
Articles retrieved through database searching were reviewed for relevance. Informationist case reports were identified and coded according to an attributes checklist. Data from other retained publications were synthesized under broad themes. The few research studies found were reviewed for level of evidence.Results:
Of 113 papers reviewed, the study identified 7 classic and 8 emerging informationist programs. Two major models are apparent, clinical and research, with priorities differing according to program maturity. The literature synthesis also brought together current thinking about informationist qualifications; practice roles; setting characteristics; education and training; organizational, programmatic, and service provider success factors; and challenges and barriers. Program outcomes to date are reported, and future research topics suggested. Specific findings will assist informationist program planners.Conclusions:
While the informationist concept remains in the early adopter stage, it appears that domain knowledge, continuous learning, and embedding (working in context) are essential to success. The need for librarians to transition to greater specialization and libraries to emphasize customized service was underscored. A research agenda focused on information management, dissemination, behaviors, and economics is proposed.Highlights
- After years of emphasizing the generalist librarian, health sciences librarians must become more specialized, paralleling the health care environment in which they work.
- An embedded informationist is more likely to achieve credibility, acceptance, and sustainability than an impersonal information service provided at a distance.
- Subject expertise is essential for the informationist.
- Model informationist programs with the greatest stability are library funded.
- Because informationist programs are inherently targeted to small groups, multisite studies are necessary to achieve robust evaluation.
Implications
- A library starting an informationist program should review existing models, identify local needs, set program objectives, and then select the most appropriate approaches for its users.
- Programmatic emphasis should be placed on both technical and service excellence.
- Organizational commitment is needed for knowledge integration into practice and for the informationists'' lifelong learning.
10.
11.
BACKGROUND: The informationist programme at the Library of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD, USA has grown to 14 informationists working with 40 clinical and basic science research teams. PURPOSE: This case report, intended to contribute to the literature on informationist programmes, describes the NIH informationist programme, including implementation experiences, the informationists' training programme, their job responsibilities and programme outcomes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: The NIH informationist programme was designed to enhance the library's service capacity. Over time, the steps for introducing the service to new groups were formalized to ensure support by leadership, the team being served and the library. Job responsibilities also evolved from traditional library roles to a wide range of knowledge management activities. The commitment by the informationist, the team and the library to continuous learning is critical to the programme's success. RESULTS / OUTCOMES: NIH scientists reported that informationists saved them time and contributed to teamwork with expert searching and point-of-need instruction. Process evaluation helped refine the programme. EVALUATION METHOD: High-level, preliminary outcomes were identified from a survey of scientists receiving informationist services, along with key informant interviews. Process evaluation examined service implementation, informationists' training and service components. Anecdotal evidence has also indicated a favourable response to the programme. 相似文献
12.
区分数据、信息和知识的质疑理论 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
介绍一种基于质疑的方法,用以区分和测量文本内部的数据、信息和知识。文章首先介绍了质疑,随后介绍了信息和知识的质疑理论,最后探讨质疑理论的应用前景。质疑理论认为,知识是回答问题空间中的“如何/为何”类问题的文本,信息是回答问题空间中“何时/何处/何人/何事”类问题的文本,数据是那些没有回答问题空间内部问题的文本。 相似文献
13.
When people are connected together over ad hoc social networks, it is possible to ask questions and retrieve answers using the wisdom of the crowd. However, locating a suitable candidate for answering a specific unique question within larger ad hoc groups is non-trivial, especially if we wish to respect the privacy of users by providing deniability. All members of the network wish to source the best possible answers from the network, while at the same time controlling the levels of attention required to generate them by the collective group of individuals and/or the time taken to read all the answers. Conventional expert retrieval approaches rank users for a given query in a centralised indexing process, associating users with material they have previously published. Such an approach is antithetical to privacy, so we have looked to distribute the routing of questions and answers, converting the indexing process into one of building a forwarding table. Starting from the simple operation of flooding the question to everyone, we compare a number of different routing options, where decisions must be made based on past performance and exploitation of the knowledge of our immediate neighbours. We focus on fully decentralised protocols using ant-inspired tactics to route questions towards members of the network who may be able to answer them well. Simultaneously, privacy concerns are acknowledged by allowing both question asking and answering to be plausibly deniable. We have found that via our routing method, it is possible to improve answer quality and also reduce the total amount of user attention required to generate those answers. 相似文献
14.
Background: Question‐answering systems (or QA Systems) stand as a new alternative for Information Retrieval Systems. Most users frequently need to retrieve specific information about a factual question to obtain a whole document. Objectives: The study evaluates the efficiency of QA systems as terminological sources for physicians, specialised translators and users in general. It assesses the performance of one open‐domain QA system, START, and one restricted‐domain QA system, MedQA. Method: The study collected two hundred definitional questions (What is…?), either general or specialised, from the health website WebMD. Sources used by the open‐domain QA system, START, and the restricted‐domain QA system, MedQA, were studied to retrieve answers, and later a range of evaluation measures (precision, Mean Reciprocal Rank, Total Reciprocal Rank, First Hit Success) were applied to mark the quality of answers. Results: It was established that both systems are useful in the retrieval of valid definitional healthcare information, with an acceptable degree of coherent and precise responses from both. The answers supplied by MedQA were more reliable that those of START in the sense that they came from specialised clinical or academic sources, most of them showing links to further research articles. Conclusions: Results obtained show the potential of this type of tool in the more general realm of information access, and the retrieval of health information. They may be considered a good, reliable and reasonably precise alternative in alleviating the information overload. Both QA systems can help professionals and users can obtain healthcare information. 相似文献
15.
K. T. L. Vaughan 《Medical reference services quarterly》2013,32(3):211-220
When students are given assignments with specific information needs, they may turn to the library for help. The UNC Health Sciences Library developed three short online modules to teach first-year pharmacy students how to find early/animal studies, mechanism of action information, and specific study types in an effort to lessen demand on the reference desk. The modules filled two goals: to free up time that had been spent on three common low-level questions and to provide a pedagogically sound online tool to teach students how to find answers to these three questions. The modules were created using Adobe Captivate. Developing and promoting the modules took three hours of the pharmacy librarian's time compared with nearly 23 hours spent answering individual questions via e-mail, in consultations, and at the reference desk before the modules were introduced. After introducing the modules, only one student asked for help from the library compared to more than 60 who viewed the online modules at least once. 相似文献
16.
《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(66):141-163
Summary This article examines how a centralized, networked reference service might improve efficiency and reduce costs by addressing two long-standing and seemingly intractable problems associated with the reference process-that librarians spend only a small portion of their time at the reference desk actually answering questions, and that many of the questions they do answer could be handled by paraprofessionals. The authors explore the feasibility of a live, centralized, networked reference service in a library setting by comparing traditional reference services at the County of Los Angeles Public Library with a commercial inbound call center designed to handle the same volume of questions. Applying Erlang C, the standard algorithm used to calculate staffing requirements for commercial call centers, the authors find that a networked reference service based on a call center model could reduce the reference staff requirements at the County of Los Angeles Public Library by 42% or more. These results are very preliminary, and the article cautions against jumping to conclusions until we have much better data on the questions we are answering and the reference process as a whole, but the evidence we do have suggests that networked reference services have the potential to truly revolutionize the way we have been doing reference for the past 100 years. 相似文献
17.
This article presents FIDJI, a question-answering (QA) system for French. FIDJI combines syntactic information with traditional
QA techniques such as named entity recognition and term weighting; it does not require any pre-processing other than classical
search engine indexing. Among other uses of syntax, we experiment in this system the validation of answers through different
documents, as well as specific techniques for answering different types of questions (e.g., yes/no or list questions). We
present several experiments which show the benefits of syntactic analysis, as well as multi-document validation. Different
types of questions and corpora are tested, and specificities are commented. Links with result aggregation are also discussed. 相似文献
18.
《Library & information science research》2000,22(2):185-222
This study reports on a nationwide unobtrusive evaluation of government documents reference service at public and academic depository libraries in Canada. Fifteen questions dealing with subject matter from both the legislative and executive branches of government were asked 488 times at 104 depository libraries in 30 census metropolitan areas. Overall, depository library staff members provided complete answers to questions 29.3% of the time. When complete and partially complete answers are counted together, the success rate climbs to 42.4%. Academic full depositories achieved the highest rate of success, followed by public full depositories. In-person questions were answered more successfully than phone questions. Print materials were by far the largest single source used (45.7%) to answer questions. When print alone was used, complete answers to the test questions were found only 39.9% of the time. When World Wide Web sources alone were used, the complete answer rate was 60.7%. To improve service, extensive and periodic staff training may be needed about the structures and functions of both the legislative and executive branches of government. Staff members need to know what programs are available and who is responsible for which program in the federal government. 相似文献
19.
《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(60):27-47
Summary This study evaluates how well eight major search engines produced answers to twenty-one real reference questions and five made-up subject questions. The retrieval and relevancy-ranking abilities of search engines were measured by precision, duplicate, most-relevant-item score, and relevancy-ranking score. Search engines did not produce good results for the reference questions, but did well with the subject questions. T-tests found the two types of questions quite different in nature, so the best engines were identified by the type of questions. Open Text was the best in handling the reference questions, and InfoSeek was the best at answering subject questions. 相似文献
20.
Lyubov L. Tmanova Jessica S. Ancker Stephen B. Johnson 《Medical reference services quarterly》2013,32(3):296-310
An informationist taught, consulted, and mentored graduate students enrolled in a graduate research project course in Health Informatics. An observational cohort study was conducted to determine the effect of an early (first term) and continued (subsequent term) exposure of course-integrated instruction, individual consultations, information resource mentoring, and educational collaboration partnership on the development of information literacy, research skills, and integrative competencies in graduate students. Student progress was assessed by survey, class performance, and faculty feedback. The course-integrated lectures, consultations, mentoring, and educational partnership between the informationist and academic advisors increased the students’ course performance, information literacy, and research skills in graduate students. 相似文献