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1.
目的:探讨我国优秀花样游泳运动员功能性动作能力与力量素质的相关性,分析功能动作筛查测试与力量素质测试结果存在的内在联系,从专项视角探讨花样游泳运动项目的训练策略并提出建议。方法:选取国家花样游泳队14名健将级运动员为研究对象,对其进行FMS、握力、上肢力量、股内收肌群力量、躯干核心耐力、下肢爆发力测试,并对测试结果进行相关性分析。结果:1)14名花样游泳运动员FMS测试平均得分为15.21分,有5人测试得分低于运动损伤高风险的临界值(14分);2)FMS测试总分与Keiser坐姿上推(偏相关系数=0.622,P<0.05)、45°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(偏相关系数=0.652,P<0.05)、90°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(偏相关系数=0.746,P<0.01)均呈正相关;3)直线弓步蹲与Keiser坐姿上推(偏相关系数=0.711,P<0.05)、无反向纵跳(偏相关系数=0.661,P<0.05)、有反向纵跳(偏相关系数=0.614,P<0.05)和40 cm跳深跳高(偏相关系数=0.754,P<0.01)均呈正相关;肩部灵活性测试得分与Keiser下蹲上推(偏相关系数=0.575,P<0.05)、45°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(偏相关系数=0.585,P<0.05)以及90°股内收肌群横向收缩力量(r=0.867,P<0.01)均呈正相关,与仰桥耐力呈负相关(偏相关系数=0.701,P<0.05);旋转稳定性与40 cm跳深跳高呈正相关(偏相关系数=0.575,P<0.05)。结论:我国优秀花样游泳运动员髋关节主动灵活性和臀大肌-髂胫束联合等肌群的主动柔韧性较好,但存在膝关节、髋关节稳定性差、躯干核心区肌群控制力不足等问题,受主导臂和主导腿均为右侧影响,运动员身体两侧不平衡明显。运动员FMS测试得分并不能全面反映其力量素质的高低,FMS测试得分与部分力量素质测试结果存在相关性,可能与两种测试均涉及同一动力链结构系统肌群的协同工作和动作存在做功类型的相似性有关。 相似文献
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Torque–velocity characteristics and contractile rate of force development in elite badminton players
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):127-134
Abstract Elite badminton requires muscular endurance combined with appropriate maximal and explosive muscle strength. The musculature of the lower extremities is especially important in this context since rapid and forceful movements with the weight of the body are performed repeatedly throughout a match. In the present study, we examined various leg-strength parameters of 35 male elite badminton players who had been performing resistance exercises as part of their physical training for several years. The badminton players were compared with an age-matched reference group, the members of whom were physically active on a recreational basis, and to the same reference group after they had performed resistance training for 14 weeks. Maximal muscle strength of the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexor muscles (hamstrings) was determined using isokinetic dynamometry. To measure explosive muscle strength, the contractile rate of force development was determined during maximal isometric muscle contractions. In general, the badminton players showed greater maximal muscle strength and contractile rate of force development than the reference group: mean quadriceps peak torque during slow concentric contraction: 3.69 Nm · kg?1, s=0.08 vs. 3.26 Nm · kg?1, s=0.8 (P<0.001); mean hamstring peak torque during slow concentric contraction: 1.86 Nm · kg?1, s=0.04 vs. 1.63 Nm · kg?1, s=0.04 (P<0.001); mean quadriceps rate of force development at 100 ms: 24.4 Nm · s?1·kg?1, s=0.5 vs. 22.1 Nm·s?1 · kg?1, s=0.6 (P<0.05); mean hamstring rate of force development at 100 ms: 11.4 Nm · s?1·kg?1, s=0.3 vs. 8.9 Nm · s?1 · kg?1, s=0.4 (P<0.05). However, after 14 weeks of resistance training the reference group achieved similar isometric and slow concentric muscle strength as the badminton players, although the badminton players still had a higher isometric rate of force development and muscle strength during fast (240° · s?1) quadriceps contractions. Large volumes of concurrent endurance training could have attenuated the long-term development of maximal muscle strength in the badminton players. The badminton players had a higher contractile rate of force development than the reference group before and after resistance training. Greater explosive muscle strength in the badminton players might be a physiological adaptation to their badminton training. 相似文献
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Jan G. Bourgois Jasmien Dumortier Margot Callewaert Bert Celie Carlo Capelli Gisela Sjøgaard 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(5):611-620
‘A tribute to Dr J. Rogge’ aims to systematically review muscle activity and muscle fatigue during sustained submaximal quasi-isometric knee extension exercise (hiking) related to Olympic dinghy sailing as a tribute to Dr Rogge’s merits in the world of sports. Dr Jacques Rogge is not only the former President of the International Olympic Committee, he was also an orthopaedic surgeon and a keen sailor, competing at three Olympic Games. In 1972, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Sports Medicine, he was the first who studied a sailors’ muscle activity by means of invasive needle electromyography (EMG) during a specific sailing technique (hiking) on a self-constructed sailing ergometer. Hiking is a bilateral and multi-joint submaximal quasi-isometric movement which dinghy sailors use to optimize boat speed and to prevent the boat from capsizing. Large stresses are generated in the anterior muscles that cross the knee and hip joint, mainly employing the quadriceps at an intensity of 30–40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), sometimes exceeding 100% MVC. Better sailing level is partially determined by a lower rate of neuromuscular fatigue during hiking and for ≈60% predicted by a higher maximal isometric quadriceps strength. Although useful in exercise testing, prediction of hiking endurance capacity based on the changes in surface EMG in thigh and trunk muscles during a hiking maintenance task is not reliable. This could probably be explained by the varying exercise intensity and joint angles, and the great number of muscles and joints involved in hiking.Highlights
Dr Jacques Rogge, former president of the International Olympic Committee and Olympic Finn sailor, was the first to study muscle activity during sailing using invasive needle EMG to obtain his Master degree in Sports Medicine at the Ghent University.
Hiking is a critical bilateral and multi-joint movement during dinghy racing, accounting for >60% of the total upwind leg time. Hiking generates large stresses in the anterior muscles that cross the knee and hip joint.
Hiking is considered as a quasi-isometric bilateral knee extension exercise. Muscle activity measurements during sailing, recorded by means of EMG, show a mean contraction intensity of 30-40% maximal voluntary contraction with peaks exceeding 100%.
Hiking performance is strongly related to the development of neuromuscular fatigue in the quadriceps muscle. Since maximal strength is an important determinant of neuromuscular fatigue during hiking, combined strength and endurance training should be incorporated in the training program of dinghy sailors.
4.
Mikkola J Vesterinen V Taipale R Capostagno B Häkkinen K Nummela A 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(13):1359-1371
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([V·]O(?max)), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [V·]O(?max) (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race. 相似文献
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探讨在进行低氧训练后,吸高浓度氧对大鼠骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性的影响.将雄性SD大鼠38只随机分为常氧运动组(A)、低氧运动组(B)、常氧运动高氧恢复组(C)、低氧运动高氧恢复组(D),分别进行常氧训练、低氧训练和高氧恢复.4周后测试大鼠骨骼肌SDH和MDH的活性.结果发现,经过4周的实验.高氧恢复干预组大鼠的SDH、MDH活性要比单纯运动或低氧运动组大鼠的活性高,且常氧运动高氧恢复组SDH、MDH活性均显著高于对应的常氧运动组;低氧运动高氧恢复组MDH活性显著高于低氧运动组;而低氧运动组SDH、MDH的活性要高于对应的常氧运动组,且低氧运动组MDH活性显著高于常氧运动组.结果表明,4周低氧训练比常氧训练在提高大鼠股四头肌SDH和MDH活性方面有一定优越性,而在低氧训练和常氧训练后进行高浓度氧恢复则更能显著地提高大鼠股四头肌SDH和MDH的活性. 相似文献
6.
Michael J Shoemaker Sarah Donker Ashley LaPoe 《Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal》2009,20(3):5-15
Purpose: The purpose of the present review was to assess the quality of evidence in the literature regarding the specific benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with an emphasis on training intensity and the relationships between changes in inspiratory muscle function and other clinical outcome measures. Methods: Articles were found by searching CINAHL, PubMed, Medline via First Search, and ProQuest databases. Articles used in the review were randomized trials of IMT vs. sham IMT or no intervention, published in English in a peer-reviewed journal, included patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and specified the intensity of training. The quality of the studies was evaluated by 2 independent reviewers using the methodological rigor scale described by Medlicott and Harris as well as Sackett''s levels of evidence. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in this review. Results: Consistent improvements in maximal inspiratory pressures (ranging from −11 to −30 cm H2O) and inspiratory muscle endurance were found. Improvements in dyspnea and health-related quality of life were also observed. Inspiratory muscle training may result in improved exercise tolerance as measured using walking tests. High-intensity IMT resulted in improved training efficiency with respect to inspiratory muscle strength, but evidence of the effect of high-intensity IMT on other clinical outcomes is lacking. Conclusion: Despite research spanning decades, there are numerous limitations in the literature regarding IMT. IMT appears to improve dyspnea, waking test distance, and health-related quality of life in individuals with COPD, but it is not clear whether this improvement is mediated through improved inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. This review discussed several considerations critical to the design of future trials.Key Words: inspiratory muscle training, COPD 相似文献
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8.
Vivian H. Heyward Sandra M. Johannes-Ellis Jacki F. Romer 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):154-159
The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in upper and lower body strength as a function of lean body weight and the distribution of muscle and subcutaneous fat in the upper and lower limbs. The subjects were 103 physically active men (n = 48) and women (n = 55). The peak torques produced during shoulder flexion (SF) and knee extension (KE) were used as measures of upper body and lower body strength, respectively. Flexed arm girth, thigh girth, triceps skinfold, and thigh skinfold were used to estimate the distribution of muscle and subcutaneous fat in the limbs. Results of the MANOVA revealed that the overall strength of men was significantly greater than that of women. Results of MANCOVA indicated that the SF and KE strength of women and men did not differ significantly when differences in lean body weight, arm girth, thigh girth, triceps skinfold and thigh skinfold were statistically controlled. High levels of SF and KE strength were associated with a high lean body weight and a large arm girth. Results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that for men a substantial portion of the variance in both SF and KE strength was explained by lean body weight alone; whereas strength variations in women were explained more adequately by including limb variables along with lean body weight. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that gender differences in upper and lower body strength are a function of differences in lean body weight and the distribution of muscle and subcutaneous fat in the body segments. Upper body strength is relatively more important than lower body strength in characterizing the gender difference in strength. 相似文献
9.
目的：研究补充FDP补充对骨骼肌力量耐力的影响,为其在运动训练中的应用提供理论依据。方法：16只昆明种雄性成年小鼠,随机分为对照组和FDP组,FDP组每日以3%的FDP溶液0.2ml/10g灌胃,对照组以等体积纯净水灌胃,连续7天。7天后以5%乌拉坦1g/kg经腹腔注射麻醉、固定,利用BL-410生物机能实验系统测定肌肉力量和力量耐力。结果：对照组小鼠骨骼肌最大肌力于5min时显著下降（P〈0.05）,FDP组小鼠最大肌力显著下降出现在30min（P〈0.05）;各时点肌力下降幅值FDP组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：FDP通过改善肌细胞无氧代谢而显著延迟骨骼肌肌力的下降,较长时间维持骨骼肌的收缩张力,有效改善骨骼肌力量耐力。 相似文献
10.
长期耐力训练对大鼠心肌和骨骼肌mTOR信号通路的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的 探讨长期耐力训练对大鼠心肌和骨骼肌mTOR信号通路的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠鼠随机分为长期耐力训练组(n=12)和对照组(n=12),长期耐力训练组从3月龄时开始进行4个月的耐力训练,建立长期耐力训练模型,使用western Blot蛋白印迹技术对大鼠心肌和骨骼肌mTOR信号通路中mTOR蛋白的表达进行测定;使用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对p70S6K和eIF-4E基因mRNA的表达进行测定.结果 长期耐力训练后,大鼠心脏重量和心系数与对照组相比显著增加(P<0.0S)但没有产生病理性·心肌肥大,而腓肠肌的质量与对照组相比没有明显变化;长期耐力训练后,大鼠心肌mTOR蛋白表达,p70S6K和eIF-4E mRNA的表达明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而腓肠肌mTOR蛋白表达,p70S6K和eIF-4E mRNA的表达与对照组相比无显著性变化.结论 长期耐力训练可以增强大鼠心肌mTOR信号通路的表达,产生运动性心肌肥大,改善衰老小鼠的心脏功能;长期耐力训练可通过对大鼠骨骼肌mTOR信号通路表达的影响,抑制骨骼肌的肥大. 相似文献
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Physiological determinants of climbing-specific finger endurance and sport rock climbing performance 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
MacLeod D Sutherland DL Buntin L Whitaker A Aitchison T Watt I Bradley J Grant S 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(12):1433-1443
The aim of the study was to examine several physiological responses to a climbing-specific task to identify determinants of endurance in sport rock climbing. Finger strength and endurance of intermediate rock climbers (n = 11) and non-climbers (n = 9) were compared using climbing-specific apparatus. After maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) trials, two isometric endurance tests were performed at 40% (s = 2.5%) MVC until volitional exhaustion (continuous contractions and intermittent contractions of 10 s, with 3 s rest between contractions). Changes in muscle blood oxygenation and muscle blood volume were recorded in the flexor digitorum superficialis using near infra-red spectroscopy. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Climbers had a higher mean MVC (climbers: 485 N, s = 65; non-climbers 375 N, s = 91) (P = 0.009). The group mean endurance test times were similar. The force-time integral, used as a measure of climbing-specific endurance, was greater for climbers in the intermittent test (climbers: 51,769 N x s, s = 12,229; non-climbers: 35,325 N x s, s = 9724) but not in the continuous test (climbers: 21,043 N x s, s = 4474; non-climbers: 15,816 N x s, s = 6263). Recovery of forearm oxygenation during rest phases (intermittent test) explained 41.1% of the variability in the force-time integral. Change in total haemoglobin was significantly greater in non-climbers (continuous test) than climbers (P = 0.023--40% test timepoint, P = 0.014--60% test timepoint). Pressor responses were similar between groups and not related to the force-time integral for either test. We conclude that muscle re-oxygenation during rest phases is a predictor of endurance performance. 相似文献
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Our purpose was to compare the effect of a periodized preparation consisting of power endurance training and high-intensity power training on the contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle and functional performances in well trained male sprinters (n = 7). After 4 weeks of high-intensity power training, 60-m sprint running time improved by an average of 1.83% (SD = 0.96; p < .05). This improvement was inversely related to an increase in maximal voluntary contraction torque (r = -.89, p < .05) and poorly correlated with changes in the contractile kinetics of the quadriceps muscle (r range from .36 to -.46). These findings suggest that sprint performance is poorly predicted by muscle intrinsic properties and that a neural adaptation appears to explain most of the observed functional adaptations. 相似文献
13.
Walter Kroll Priscilla M. Clarkson Gary Kamen Jean Lambert 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):323-333
Abstract Muscle fiber type composition in the vastus lateralis and knee extension isometric strength fatigue patterns were assessed in eight endurance-trained and eight power-trained males. Two different 25-trial isometric contraction exercise regimens were administered: a 10-second contraction, 5-second intertrial rest condition designed to induce a fast rate of fatigue and a 10-second contraction, 20-second intertrial rest condition designed to induce a slower rate of fatigue. The power group fatigued almost four times faster than the endurance group in the 10:5 exercise condition. In the 10:20 exercise condition, the endurance group showed no fatigue pattern while the power group had a significant strength decrement of 32%. In both exercise conditions, the power group exhibited more complex fatigue patterns in terms of statistically significant trend components. Maximum isometric strength correlated positively with slow twitch (ST) percent number in power (r = .80) and endurance (r = .48) groups, but negatively with linear trend coefficients in endurance (r = -.62) and power (r = -.80) groups. Maximum isometric strength also correlated higher with fatigue curve trend coefficients than did muscle fiber type composition. Thus, a faster rate of fatigue was associated with higher maximum isometric strength and with higher ST percent number and area. Since maximum isometric strength correlated with body weight (r = .86 for groups combined), both maximum isometric strength and muscle mass appear to be more important determinants of knee extension isometric strength fatigue patterns than muscle fiber type composition. 相似文献
14.
目的:探究冷水浴对延迟性肌肉酸痛(DOMS)患者膝关节本体感觉的干预效果及作用机制。方法:采用随机对照试验,24名男性二级短跑运动员随机分为冷水浴干预组(n=12)和静坐对照组(n=12)。经离心运动诱发下肢肌群出现DOMS,静坐休息5min后进行冷水干预或静坐。分别在运动前、运动后24h、48h、72h、96h测量受试者的左大腿围度、自觉疼痛程度、左腿股四头肌最大等长肌力以及左腿膝关节本体感觉(位置觉+肌肉力觉)。在运动前、运动后即刻(0min)、5min、10min、15min分别测量血乳酸值。结果:(1)离心运动后即刻,两组大腿围度均显著性增加(P<0.05),运动后24h、48h、72h,CWI组的左大腿围度显著低于CON组(P<0.01);(2)离心运动后即刻,两组自觉疼痛程度均显著性增加,运动后24h、72h,CWI组的疼痛程度显著性低于CON组(P<0.01);(3)离心运动后即刻,两组血乳酸值均出现显著性上升(P<0.05),运动后0min~15min,两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);(4)离心运动后即刻,两组的左腿MVIC均出现显著性下降(P<0.05),运动后24h~96h,CWI组MVIC显著高于CON组(P<0.01),(5)离心运动后即刻,两组左腿的本体感觉(主、被动位置觉、肌肉力觉)均出现显著性下降(P<0.05);运动后24h~96h,CWI组的主动位置觉显著高于CON组(P<0.01),运动后72h,CWI组的被动位置觉显著低于CON组(P<0.01),其他时间点(24h、48h、96h)无显著性差异(P>0.05),运动后24h~96h,CWI组的肌肉力觉显著高于CON组(P<0.01)。结论:冷水浴是运动训练或比赛后快速减轻DOMS症状的有效手段,有利于肌肉肿胀的恢复、减轻疼痛感、促进工作肌肉最大等长肌力及该肌肉所附着关节的本体感觉的恢复,总体有利于减轻DOMS症状。 相似文献
15.
吴红豫 《山东体育学院学报》2011,27(2):57-60
目的:探讨重复运动后大鼠骨骼肌超微结构的改变。方法:雄性SD大鼠72只随机分为对照组、1次离心运动组和连续1周重复运动训练组。1次离心运动组进行1次下坡跑运动,重复运动组按照同样的强度进行连续7天的下坡跑训练。分别在1次离心运动即刻、24h、48 h、72 h、120 h、168 h和第7天末次训练后即刻24 h、48 h、72 h、120 h、168 h取股四头肌。结果:1次离心运动后即刻和24 h、48 h,股四头肌超微结构的损伤性变化呈现渐进性加重,运动后第168 h基本上可恢复到运动前水平;7次离心训练后即刻和24 h股四头肌超微结构的损伤性变化也具有相似的趋势,但训练后168 h后仍未完全恢复;且在各个时段,7天离心训练组股四头肌的损伤性变化均比一次离心运动组更加严重。结论:重复运动所致的骨骼肌损伤具有一定的延迟现象,在1次离心运动后即刻,骨骼肌损伤从整体看并不严重,但在运动后24h出现明显的损伤性变化;48 h达到高点,而运动后7天骨骼肌损伤基本上可以恢复。连续的重复运动可能导致骨骼肌纤维的损伤产生一定的累加作用。 相似文献
16.
跑台运动对大鼠骨骼肌mTOR mRNA 和蛋白表达的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的:mTOR信号调控骨骼肌蛋白翻译过程,本研究旨在探讨耐力运动对骨骼肌mTOR蛋白表达的影响.方法:SD大鼠分为运动组和对照组.运动组大鼠进行跑台坡度5°,上坡跑,速度20m/min,60min/次的跑台运动后12 h,采用RT-PCR方法测定腓肠肌mTOR mRNA,westerm blot测定mTOR蛋白的表达.结果:1次急性运动后大鼠骨骼肌mTOR mRNA和蛋白表达显著上升(P<0.05),4周持续耐力运动后大鼠骨骼肌mTOR mRNA和蛋白表达显著上升(P<0.05).结论:耐力运动后骨骼肌mTOR表达上升,提示mTOR可能参与肌肉生长对运动适应的调控. 相似文献
17.
目的:分析SOCS-3与瘦素受体LRb的结合作用,探讨高脂膳食条件下耐力运动对骨骼肌瘦素抵抗的预防或改善机制.方法:32只大鼠随机平均分成普通膳食对照组(CS)、普通膳食运动组(CE)、高脂膳食对照组(HS)、高脂膳食运动组(HE).CE、HE组进行12周跑台训练,跑速20 m/min.最后一次训练后48 h,测试空腹血糖、血液甘油三酯(TG)、胰岛素、瘦素以及红色(RG)、白色(WG)腓肠肌的甘油三酯.采用Real-time PCR测定RG、WG肌的SOCS-3mRNA表达水平,采用免疫共沉淀技术测定RG、WG肌SOCS-3蛋白与瘦素受体LRb的结合活性.结果:1)HS组体重增长率最高,HS组体重、血糖、血液甘油三酯、胰岛素、瘦素均显著高于CS组(P＜0.05);HE组血液胰岛素、瘦素水平显著低于HS组(P＜0.05).2)RG肌TG含量:HS组显著低于CS组(P＜0.05),HE组显著高于HS组(P＜0.05).WG肌TG含量:CE组显著高于CS组(P＜0.05),既组显著高于HS组(P＜0.05).3)RG肌SOC-3mRNA表达:CE、HS组显著高于CS组(P＜0.01).WG肌SOCS-3mRNA表达:CE组显著高于CS组(P＜0.01).4)RG肌SOCS-3蛋白与瘦素受体LRb的结合活性:HS组显著高于CS组(P＜0.05),HE显著低于HS组(P＜0.05).结论:1)高脂膳食显著降低红色腓肠肌的TG含量,表明高脂膳食性瘦素抵抗易发于红肌,高脂膳食能降低红肌的脂肪代谢能力;耐力运动对红肌的瘦素抵抗有显著的逆转作用;2)耐力运动和高脂膳食都能上调红色腓肠肌SOCS-3 mRNA表达,SOCS-3 mRNA表达对运动和膳食的应答反应在肌纤维类型之间存在差异,至少白肌耐力运动与高脂膳食还存在负交互作用;3)高脂膳食导致骨骼肌瘦素抵抗,至少有一部分机制使SOCS-3与LRb受体的结合增加.耐力运动对高脂膳食性瘦素抵抗的改善机制,至少有一部分是因为运动解除了SOCS-3与LRb受体的结合,减弱了SICS-3对瘦素信号的抑制作用. 相似文献
18.
Physical fitness and muscular strength are important performance factors for Olympic class sailors, but the physical demands vary greatly between yacht classes, and limited information is available regarding the physical demands for the different crew positions. In the present paper, strength and aerobic capacity data from elite Olympic sailors are presented and compared with previous findings. Furthermore, a system for classification of Olympic class sailors is suggested. Peak aerobic capacity (peak oxygen uptake, VO(2peak)) and maximal isometric and isokinetic muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors were assessed, together with the hamstring/quadriceps strength ratio (H/Q ratio). Peak aerobic capacity (ml O(2) . min(-1) . kg(-2/3)) was as follows: males - static hikers (n = 5) 215, s = 7; dynamic hikers (n = 8) 252, s = 17; trapezing helmsmen (n = 6) 234, s = 15; trapezing crew (n = 10) 239, s = 16; females - dynamic hikers (n = 6) 194, s = 16; trapezing crew (n = 2) 200, s = 13. Strength data for hikers, presented as peak moments (normalized to body weight) obtained during eccentric, isometric, and concentric contraction (Nm . kg(-1)) respectively were as follows: males - quadriceps: 3.66 (s = 0.68), 3.97 (s = 0.66), 1.82 (s = 0.34); hamstrings: 1.93 (s = 0.22), 1.38 (s = 0.41), 1.05 (s = 0.21); females - quadriceps: 3.84 (s = 0.71), 3.81 (s = 0.58), 1.60 (s = 0.28); hamstrings: 1.75 (s = 0.23), 1.10 (s = 0.16), 0.84 (s = 0.13). The peak moment based H/Q ratios for slow eccentric and concentric contractions were 0.42 (s = 0.11) and 0.39 (s = 0.04) for males and 0.43 (s = 0.06) and 0.39 (s = 0.04) for females respectively. Elite Olympic class sailors demonstrated high VO(2peak) values comparable to those observed in other non-endurance sports. The strength data revealed very high quadriceps strength for hikers, which is likely a result of the high muscle forces encountered during sailing, and a low H/Q ratio. To ensure optimal knee joint stabilization during sailing and other training activities, it is suggested that hikers should counter this strength imbalance by performing additional strength training for the hamstrings muscle group. 相似文献
19.
Sung-Eun Kim Ju Hong Jun-Youl Cha Jung-Min Park Denny Eun Jaehyun Yoo 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(21):2114-2120
There are few studies on the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and balance in the young ages. We investigated the relationship between appendicular skeletal muscle mass, isokinetic muscle strength of lower extremity, and balance among healthy young men using relative skeletal muscle index. Thirty men were grouped according to relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index: higher skeletal muscle group (n = 15) and lower skeletal muscle group (n = 15). Static and dynamic balance abilities were measured using the following: a test where participants stood on one leg with eyes closed, a modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) with eyes open and eyes closed, a stability test, and limits of stability test. The muscle strength of lower extremities was measured with an isokinetic analyser in hip, knee, and ankle joints. Participants with higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass were significantly more stable in maintaining dynamic balance than those with lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Moreover, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was positively correlated with dynamic balance ability. Participants with higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass had stronger strength in the lower extremity, and there were significant differences in the isokinetic torque ratios between groups. From these results, it can be inferred that higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass relates to muscle strength and the alteration in the peak torque ratio of the lower extremity, contributing to the maintenance of balance. 相似文献
20.
Maximal strength and power, muscle mass, endurance and serum hormones in weightlifters and road cyclists 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Izquierdo M Ibáñez J Häkkinen K Kraemer WJ Ruesta M Gorostiaga EM 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(5):465-478
Maximal strength, power, muscle cross-sectional area, maximal and submaximal cycling endurance characteristics and serum hormone concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and cortisol were examined in three groups of men: weightlifters (n = 11), amateur road cyclists (n = 18) and age-matched controls (n = 12). Weightlifters showed 45-55% higher power values than road cyclists and controls, whereas the differences in maximal strength and muscle mass were only 15% and 20%, respectively. These differences were maintained when average power output was expressed relative to body mass or relative to muscle cross-sectional area. Road cyclists recorded 44% higher maximal workloads, whereas submaximal blood lactate concentration was 50-55% lower with increasing workload than in controls and weightlifters. In road cyclists, workloads associated with blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol.l-1 were 50-60% higher and occurred at a higher percentage of maximal workload than in weightlifters or controls. Basal serum total testosterone and free testosterone concentrations were lower in elite amateur cyclists than in age-matched weightlifters or untrained individuals. Significant negative correlations were noted between the individual values of maximal workload, workloads at 2 and 4 mmol.l-1 and the individual values of muscle power output (r = -0.37 to -0.49), as well as the individual basal values of serum total testosterone and free testosterone (r = -0.39 to -0.41). These results indicate that the specific status of the participants with respect to training, resistance or endurance is important for the magnitude of the neuromuscular, physiological and performance differences observed between weightlifters and road cyclists. The results suggest that, in cycling, long-term endurance training may interfere more with the development of muscle power than with the development of maximal strength, probably mediated by long-term cycling-related impairment in anabolic hormonal status. 相似文献