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1.
《西安体育学院学报》2016,(2):244-252
采用影像拍摄与解析方法,获得16例国内外优秀女子运动员掷铁饼动作的运动学参数,应用函数型主成分分析、多元回归以及uncontrolled manifold方法从中识别针对掷铁饼动作4种运动任务的运动协调灵活性,进而揭示优秀掷铁饼运动员运动协调灵活性特征,实证当前的运动协调灵活性发展观,审视近来所推崇的运动变异性功能论。研究结果显示,(1)在掷铁饼动作全过程中,针对各运动任务时优秀女子运动员运动协调灵活性值均为正值,个别高达0.71;(2)在优秀女子运动员中,针对各运动任务时精英组在全过程中运动协调灵活性水平都高于普通组,个别差距高达0.5,这些差距在各运动阶段中的体现因运动任务不同而有所差异;(3)精英组较高的运动协调灵活性水平在腾空阶段中均源自其较高的功能性单位"有益"变异性,在第二单支撑或双支撑阶段中均源自其较低的功能性单位"有害"变异性。研究认为,针对掷铁饼动作重要运动任务的运动协调灵活性对优秀女子运动员该动作的实现及其水平的提升有促进作用,这主要源自对降低动作误差以及多任务最优化实现的需求。此外,当前的运动协调灵活性发展观并不完全适合于诠释优秀运动员群体体育专项技术动作中运动协调灵活性的发展表现。另外,从新视角支持运动变异性功能论,并诠释了其内涵。 相似文献
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对我国女子铁饼运动员掷铁饼动作中主要肌肉肌电信号进行采集,采用非负矩阵分解方法对其进行非负分解与降维,获得Bernstein运动协
调理论体系下的运动协调结构体及其活动程度概念的量化指标,并且从它们与运动成绩间的关系中探讨优秀女子铁饼运动员“神经-肌肉”协调能
力的特征。研究显示,掷铁饼动作中,肌肉的活动主要受到4种贡献率各异的运动协调结构体支配,它们的构成与活动方式有所差异,具备实现该动
作中重要运动任务的功能。优秀女子运动员“神经-肌肉”协调能力特征表现为,部分运动协调结构体较高的活动强度或适宜的活动时机,它们通过
作用于人体扭紧姿态以及最后用力等重要任务,实现效果对掷铁饼动作运动成绩产生影响。基于Bernstein运动协调观的“神经-肌肉”协调能力诊
断与评价具有鲜明特点以及可行性,值得在专项技术训练以及重大赛事科研攻关服务实践中应用。 相似文献
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专项力量训练的若干问题研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用文献资料法、特尔菲法、运动生物力学测量方法和数理统计等方法,对专项力量训练的机理不同项群部分项目专项力量特点、不同水平男子跳远运动员专项力量训练特点等问题进行了研究.结果表明:专项力量训练时,首先要确定目标运动的专项化神经肌肉特征,再去安排用以提高专项力量的各种抗阻力练习:体能类项目可以采用运动生物力学中的运动学和动力学联合测试的方法进行专项力量特点研究,而技能类项目在对运动员完成专项技术动作的部分肌群的力量进行肌力特征评定的基础上,找出一般运动员与优秀运动员在力量成分上的差异,进而深入分析专项最需要的力量成分的实际训练水平;不同水平男子跳远运动员的专项力量训练在手段的选择、负荷的确定等方面具有各自的特异性. 相似文献
4.
生物力学在运动控制与协调研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
介绍了生物力学与运动控制有关的术语、研究技术以及原理,并对文献进行了综述.研究发现,人体运动不仅受到主动的肌肉力矩的影响,也受到重力矩、接触力矩以及由运动产生的惯性力矩的影响,通过肢体运动的动力学可以对这些控制人体运动的力矩分量进行量化分析,据此,探讨人体运动如何受到主动力矩和被动力矩的影响,特别是运动过程中出现的环节间的相互作用现象,根据这一方法获得的结果也可推估运动的神经控制机制.肌肉收缩可以直接作用产生肢体运动,肢体运动又随之引起被动的反作用力矩反过来影响运动,在运动控制与发展过程中,神经肌肉系统就是通过对肌肉收缩力矩的调节与控制,达到对外力矩(外在环境)和被动的、由运动引起的(motion-dependent)惯性力矩的平衡与适应,进而完成或发展出一个有效率和协调的肢体动作. 相似文献
5.
我国男子优秀跳远运动员助跑起跳技术GM(1,N)模型应用研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
夏玲 《武汉体育学院学报》1999,(5)
通过对运动员有关参数的计算,建立我国男子优秀跳远运动员专项成绩与助跑起跳技术主要运动参数的动态协调模型,分析诊断运动员助跑、起跳技术与专项成绩的协调程度,找出影响成绩提高的技术重点 相似文献
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7.
为了提高单板滑雪U型场地技巧运动员的运动成绩,本文运用文献资料法、专家访谈、逻辑分析法研究了与运动成绩最相关的运动员竞技能力。结果表明:技能是竞技能力中的主导因素,优秀运动员技术特征表现为稳、高、飘、难、多样性。运动员体能三要素中以运动素质为主;优秀运动员下肢和腰腹肌肉力量发达,有良好的平衡协调能力,下肢关节和躯干的柔韧性较好;优秀运动员的心理特征表现为兴奋敢为型和自信型;竞技能力中的各因素互相影响,相互促进,只有共同发展,才能提高运动员的运动成绩。 相似文献
8.
通过对优秀速度滑冰运动员的专项运动素质包括力量、速度、耐力、协调能力进行测试,结合各类参考文献,并参照速度滑冰专家的建议,获取优秀速滑运动员专项运动素质的特征,为中国速度滑冰事业提供理论参考。 相似文献
9.
冰球运动员专项力量特征与训练方法的研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
世界冰球强国高度重视冰球运动员的专项力量训练,优秀冰球运动员的专项力量素质水平已成为决定运动成绩的关键因素之一。分析冰球运动员专项力量特征的运动训练与生理特征,针对技术结构与身体素质的关系、肌肉工作的能量供应方式,提出冰球运动员的专项力量素质应遵循专项性、周期性和系统性等训练原则,以及冰球运动员陆地和冰上力量训练的方法与手段。 相似文献
10.
高级运动员的专项特殊能力系统研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
徐涛 《武汉体育学院学报》1991,(2)
本文根据现代系统学及人机系统原理,研究优秀运动员掌握与发挥专项技术的心理生理状态演化规律,提出了高级运动员人-器械系统运动中的专项特殊能力一体感,一体感态、一体感态意识、一体感功能态和一体感竞技功能态的理论,及挖掘运动员专项一体感能力潜力的系统方法;论证了世界著名运动员在重大国际比赛中技术发挥失常与一体感竞技功能态微机制受破坏的因果关系;揭示了运动员专项特珠能力系统结构和功能状态演变的共同特征和规律,及其与运动技术和运动成绩的关系。 相似文献
11.
In German sports science, the national elite sport promotion system is a steady topic of discussions. The federal government and the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) expect new impetus of the reformed elite sport system in the areas of, inter alia, young athlete promotion, scientific support, and the coaches’ situation in German elite sport. The present article is a discipline-specific approach to these three issues for men’s artistic gymnastics. The first author served in various functions in German gymnastics (former squad athlete, young athletes‘ coach, academic teaching) for several years and is familiar with essential problems due to close communication with gymnasts, coaches, scientists, and officials. The purpose of this article is to point out specific challenges in men’s artistic gymnastics in view of the present debate on the German elite sport promotion system. This is intended to stimulate further discussions on solution approaches concerning the common exploitation of potentials. 相似文献
12.
Roger Bartlett Jon Wheat Matthew Robins 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):224-243
This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of “optimal” movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and “representative” trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement “noise” – as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed – is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning. 相似文献
13.
Bartlett R Wheat J Robins M 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(2):224-243
This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of "optimal" movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and "representative" trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement "noise"--as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed--is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning. 相似文献
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Stuart G. Wilson Melissa J. Wilson Joseph Baker 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(5):661-670
This study sought to examine how parental sport involvement and attainment were related to the eventual level of competitive sport attained by their children. Athletes (n?=?229) were divided into three skill level groups (elite: n?=?139; pre-elite: n?=?33; non-elite: n?=?57), based on the peak competition level achieved in their career, which were compared using chi-squares tests of independence and analyses of variance according to parents sport characteristics provided through the Developmental History of Athletes Questionnaire. Parental recreational and competitive sport participation was overrepresented among elite athletes, as were parents who reached an elite level of sport themselves. Results were found to differ according to parent sex, with athlete skill level significantly related to the sport participation and skill level of fathers, but not mothers. Results suggest parental sport experiences at different levels of competition influence the development of athletes, although these relationships are subject to many factors. 相似文献
16.
采用质性研究的方法,以国内外优秀运动员访谈录为主要质性材料,旨在通过对中国优秀运动员形象特征的历史演变、职业发展阶段差异、中外差异,找寻其定位标准。研究发现:1)中国优秀运动员形象特征包括荣誉观、个性观、胜负观、心理状态、教练员的影响、技战术意识、公众意识、集体观、退役选择及文化知识10个维度,随时代变迁的4个阶段和自身职业发展的3个阶段而表现出差异性;2)中国优秀运动员形象特征随时代变迁而演变,主要表现为:民族、国家荣誉观到个人理想荣誉观的形象变迁;内敛胜负观到张扬胜负观的形象变迁;赛场调节到赛场霸气的形象变迁;3)中、外优秀运动员形象特征的差异性主要表现在编码结果趋势化和语义差异的文化内涵两个方面。 相似文献
17.
It is now widely recognized that athletes with disability compete at an elite level which parallels that experienced by non-disabled athletes. The importance of quality coaching to develop an athlete’s full potential is similarly recognized. However, research in the area of coaching athletes with disability is still lacking compared to its counterpart in non-disabled sport. This research explored the holistic experience of coaching elite athletes with disability, and therefore encompassed not only the coaches’ preconceptions, but the rewards and challenges of their coaching experience. Semi-structured interviews were held with 12 coaches of elite athletes from sports including swimming, athletics, cycling, canoeing, triathlon, equestrian sport and wheelchair basketball. The results of the study identified that, although the coaches reported their experience as being overwhelmingly positive, they were also regularly confronted with difficulties not generally faced by coaches of non-disabled athletes. 相似文献
18.
The need to identify information sources which facilitate a functional coupling of perception and action in representative practice contexts is an important challenge for sport scientists and coaches. The current study investigated the role of visual information in regulating athlete gait behaviours during a locomotor pointing task in cricket. Integration of experiential knowledge of elite coaches and theoretical understanding from previous empirical research led us to investigate whether the presence of an umpire would act as a vertical informational constraint that could constrain the emergent coordination tendencies of cricket bowlers’ run-up patterns. To test this idea, umpire presence was manipulated during run-ups of 10 elite medium-fast bowlers. As hypothesised, removal of the umpire from the performance environment did not result in an inability to regulate gait to intercept a target, however, the absence of this informational constraint resulted in the emergence of different movement patterns in participant run-ups. Significantly lower standard deviation values of heel-to-crease distances were observed in the umpire condition at multiple steps, compared to performance in the no-umpire condition. Manipulation of this informational constraint altered gait regulation of participants, offering a mechanism to understand how perception–action couplings can be varied during performance in locomotor pointing tasks in sport. 相似文献
19.
Markus Gerber Ralf Brand Franziska Antoniewicz Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur Henrik Gustafsson Renzo Bianchi 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(14):1673-1680
The development of cynical attitudes towards elite sport is a core symptom of athlete burnout and has been associated with dropout from elite sport. To date, this phenomenon has mainly been studied by investigating explicit attitudes towards sport, whereas athletes’ automatic evaluations (i.e. implicit attitudes) that have been shown to influence behavior as well were not considered. This study aimed to compare explicit and implicit attitudes towards sport of young elite athletes with high (N = 24) versus low (N = 26) burnout symptoms. Using self-reported measures, general and athlete burnout symptoms were assessed. Additionally, a single-target implicit association test was administered to examine participants’ automatic evaluation of sport. Statistical analysis revealed greater emotional/physical exhaustion and sport devaluation in athletes reporting high compared to low burnout symptoms. Implicit attitudes towards sport did not significantly differ between the groups. Furthermore, no significant correlations were observed between different athlete burnout symptoms and implicit attitudes. Athletes with high burnout symptoms show a tendency to explicitly detach themselves from sport, thus fostering sport devaluation as a core symptom of athlete burnout. However, this process does not seem to be reflected in their implicit attitudes towards sport. 相似文献
20.
《Sport Management Review》2020,23(5):937-951
The way disability is understood and positioned by key stakeholders informs how policies are implemented in the development of pathways to sporting excellence of an athlete with a disability. In this paper, the authors seek to identify which sports policy factors and stakeholders influence the development of athletic career pathways in Paralympic sport (i.e., attraction, retention, competition, talent identification and development, elite, and retirement phases). Drawing from the theories of disability and the literature on elite sport policy, an interview protocol on policy dimensions and principles to support para-athletes’ development was created, and 32 key stakeholders from the Brazilian Paralympic sport context were interviewed. The data revealed that coaching provision and education as a policy factor and coaches with disability-specific knowledge as a stakeholder were perceived as most influential during all the phases of para-athletes’ careers. The classification system emerged as a parasport-specific factor that can facilitate or inhibit the development of para-athletes’ careers, influencing the implementation of policies. The authors suggest that understanding the concept of disability is notably essential when stakeholders have to think strategically and adapt management principles from able-bodied sporting contexts. Therefore, critically positioning disability within policy decision making can improve the thinking, action, and behaviour of policymakers, coaches, and sports managers, leading to the more efficient delivery of successful para-athletes’ careers. 相似文献