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1.
卜丽娜 《湖南第一师范学报》2013,(1):40-43
作为信息网络时代最流行的语义载体,超文本以其自身的超链接性、非线性等特点潜移默化地影响并改变着传统地阅读方式。这种超文本阅读方式给读者们带来便捷的同时,也导致了读者的心理认知负担等方面的问题。鉴于此,学习者要加强对认知策略和元认知策略培养的认识,同时通过大学英语网络多媒体辅助教学以减轻心理认知负荷问题,促进英语自主学习,实现超文本阅读的自主化、个性化。 相似文献
2.
We studied the use of computer readers, and especially their speech synthesis component, as a compensatory tool for adults
with dyslexia. We first explored the enhancement of reading skills in a group of college students and working adults. Their
unaided reading was very slow, and most participants in the study could sustain reading for only short periods. Although their
timed comprehension was poor, their untimed comprehension was above average. The computer reader enhanced the reading rate
and comprehension of most participants and enabled them to sustain reading longer. The difference between aided and unaided
reading rate was inversely proportional to the unaided rate. Slower readers experienced greater enhancement than faster ones.
The enhancement of comprehension was also inversely proportional to unaided scores, and good predictions of the enhancement
were obtained from multiple regression models that included scores from specific standard tests of auditory and visual cognitive
abilities. We also explored the use of computer readers in the workplace and show through case studies that their use can
have important positive effects on individual careers and self-confidence when specific conditions exist. Finally, we investigated
the use of computer readers to supplement an adult remediation program. The readers allowed and motivated the students to
read more and, as a result, to progress more rapidly.
Support for this study was provided by Xerox, the Luke B. Hancock Foundation, and the Charles and Helen Schwab Foundation. 相似文献
3.
《教育心理学家》2013,48(4):269-292
Most text, because of its arrangement, implies a sequential order. Despite efforts to convey content structure, readers access most text in serial order. Because cognitive principles of learning suggest that we all construct knowledge differently, hypertext breaks the sequential processing tendency by allowing readers to modify the sequence as well as the appearance of the text they are reading. Readers may decide what information is relevant to them and what sequence produces the most meaningful learning. In this article, hypertext is defined and types and examples of both print and electronic hypertext are described. A rationale, based on web learning and generative learning hypotheses, is presented. Finally, three levels for implementing hypertext are described, with emphasis on electronic (especially microcomputer) applications. 相似文献
4.
Based on the theoretical framework of self-regulated learning (SRL), the study aimed to examine whether the proposed relationship between classroom environment and students’ SRL was applicable in the case of Chinese readers. In this study, a questionnaire measuring students’ perception of reading instruction, strategy use, and reading motivation was completed by 1,654 Hong Kong and 2,006 Beijing students from grade 10. By comparing students from two different Chinese cities, the study also attempted to understand the learning attitudes and behaviors of students who share the same Confucian cultural backgrounds but experience different educational environments. The findings of this study indicated that the positive effects of perceived reading instruction on Chinese students’ SRL mainly came from strategy and metacognitive-based instruction, teacher support, and the nature of task. While both Hong Kong and Beijing students demonstrated a positive attitude towards their reading instruction as well as a positive degree of strategy use and reading motivation, significant area differences were found in nearly all measured variables. These findings have been discussed in the light of the contextual environments of the two Chinese cities. The study provides useful insights for understanding Chinese learners and Chinese classrooms from the perspective of SRL. 相似文献
5.
This paper reports on the way in which a teacher led the literacy development of two students who were nonreaders and nonwriters. The two students received instruction in a special education room for students with learning disabilities. The teacher implemented an integrated instructional program in reading and writing that was designed to: (a) embed literacy instruction in meaningful and purposive activities, (b) respond to the needs, capabilities and interests of learners, and reflect their zones of proximal development, (c) promote self-regulated learning, and (d) foster students' membership in a literacy community. This paper focuses on the strategies the teacher used to mediate reading and writing development and the effects of the strategies on the narrative and expository writing performance of her students. 相似文献
6.
This study investigated the relationship between epistemological beliefs, prior domain knowledge and self-regulated learning. Biology students (n?=?25) and humanities students (n?=?26) who varied in their epistemological beliefs learned with a hierarchical hypertext about the topic of genetic fingerprinting. During their learning processes, logfiles and questionnaire data were collected. Results indicate that students do metacognitively calibrate their learning process to the complexity of the presented learning material, e.g. by processing more complex deeper-level nodes longer. Furthermore, these calibration processes were significantly related to epistemological beliefs. For example, more ‘sophisticated’ epistemological beliefs were associated with processing more nodes, whereas more ‘naïve’ beliefs were related to spending more time on single nodes. Both effects were especially pronounced on deeper hierarchical hypertext levels. Prior domain knowledge also had an impact, especially on comprehensibility ratings: biology students considered all nodes more comprehensible than humanities students. Additionally, epistemological beliefs as well as prior domain knowledge were also significantly associated with the learning outcome: for example, more prior domain knowledge led to significantly higher learning outcome. 相似文献
7.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(1):43-50
Abstract Many students in Australian schools today experience difficulty understanding read text beyond Year 3 despite early intervention and rich learning experiences. Often the first indications that such students may have reading comprehension difficulties is from poor performance on comprehension tests in fourth grade. After Year 3 the written text becomes more complex and there is an increasing emphasis on reading comprehension. Less skilled comprehenders experience difficulties because they often use inefficient memory strategies and do not normally visualise story content. Readers with comprehension difficulties can be taught to construct mental imagery that will enable them to link verbal and imaginal information more efficiently into their working memory by reducing the cognitive load. The indications are that engaging readers in elaborative questioning and discussion of the text improves reader's own language and mental imagery as well as enhancing comprehension of read text. For readers who have struggled for years and have developed a resistance to reading, a literacy tutoring intervention framework that focuses on a personalised responsive relationship‐based approach to reading, combined with interesting text and student choice of appropriate material, can facilitate improved reading. The Comprehension of the Narrative intervention program is an example of a multiple strategy training intervention program that utilises explicit strategy instruction in a framework of measured stages while also increasing the level and complexity of the reading texts used. It has been shown that participating students are enabled to build on previously mastered skills and develop more effective higher order comprehension outcomes through focused dialogue with trained tutors. 相似文献
8.
Metacognition,comprehension monitoring,and the adult reader 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Linda Baker 《Educational Psychology Review》1989,1(1):3-38
This article provides an overview and synthesis of the current literature on metacognition and comprehension monitoring among adult readers. It is organized around three major research questions: (1) How do adults conceptualize their own comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities? (2) How effectively do adults evaluate and regulate their ongoing efforts to understand? (3) How successfully do adults assess the final products of their comprehension efforts? Cutting across these broad issues are questions concerning metacognitive differences as a function of reading ability, academic success, domain expertise, developmental level, and task variables. The research reveals that adults' conceptions of how they comprehend and how they monitor their comprehension are quite variable. In general, those who have more expertise, who are better readers, and who are more successful students seem to have greater awareness and control of their own cognitive activities while reading. The research also reveals that adults evaluate and regulate their ongoing efforts to understand, although there is considerable room for improvement in these skills. Finally, the research shows that adults are remarkably unsuccessful at assessing how well they have comprehended a text and whether or not they are ready to take a test on the material. The article closes with a discussion of recent intervention efforts aimed at enhancing the metacognitive skills of adult readers. 相似文献
9.
The research study examined the gains in single word recognition and oral reading fluency made by a group of low-progress readers following an intensive, systematic skills based reading programme (MULTILIT). Performance on the Phonological Assessment Battery (PhAB) was used to identify 'dyslexic' students (with poor phonological awareness) from 'garden-variety' low-progress readers. It was hypothesised that the identified group of 'dyslexic' students ( N = 16) would make smaller gains in reading outcomes compared to the group of 'garden-variety' low-progress readers ( N = 6). The results did not support the hypothesis since both groups of low-progress readers made substantial gains on both reading measures. Moreover, PhAB sub test scores did not predict size of gains. The results provide evidence for the usefulness of intensive literacy remediation to increase the reading gains of disabled readers despite their status (dyslexic or garden-variety) as a low-progress reader and lend support to those researchers who advocate a non-categorical approach to addressing reading disability. There is tentative evidence to suggest that the inclusion of a short phonological awareness training component for nine students may have impacted favourably on the reading outcomes of the 'dyslexic' group of low-progress readers. 相似文献
10.
Programs and policies in education overwhelmingly focus on improving the average academic achievement for students. However, educational interventions focused on literacy improvement can impact readers at different levels of the reading score distribution differently, and the distributional differences may be more pronounced by sex. In this paper, I explore data from a field experiment in a district in Rwanda that was intended to make classroom reading pedagogy more effective and engage students, families, and communities in reading activities outside of school to improve students’ reading outcomes.I study the distributional effects of the intervention on students on two higher-order reading outcomes – Kinyarwanda fluency and Kinyarwanda text comprehension, measured for students who met a basic literacy threshold. I find that a) the set of interventions had a positive and significant, albeit modest effect on students at or above the 25th percentile of the reading distributions b) the program had positive and significant effects on reading outcomes for girls only, and these effects differed along the reading achievement distribution. This work underscores the importance of tailoring programs and policies to the needs of different types of learners. 相似文献
11.
阅读是英语学习的一项重要技能,它既能提高读者的英语水平,又能帮助读者从阅读最中获取更多信息和知识。阅读也是一种复杂的心理活动,除了需要读者的英语水平外,更多需要读者的认知能力来处理在阅读过程中所获得的信息。通过从认知角度分析读者的阅读过程中的认知过程可知,认知图式和语境知识两个认知-机制对阅读的影响,并提出对阅读教学的启示。 相似文献
12.
The present study examined children's digital text comprehension of digital text types linear digital text vs hypertext, with or without graphical navigable overviews. We investigated to what extent individual variation in children's comprehension could be explained by lexical quality (word reading efficiency and vocabulary knowledge), cognitive load factors (prior knowledge and working memory), text type and graphical overview. Participants were 93 sixth graders in a within‐subject design. Word reading efficiency, vocabulary knowledge and prior knowledge predicted children's digital comprehension scores, while working memory did not. Reading comprehension was equal for linear text or hypertext. However, the presence of an overview facilitated reading comprehension for readers with lower prior knowledge. It can be concluded that hypertexts with basic digital text features and accompanying comprehension questions are not more difficult for children than linear digital texts, that similar individual factors predict reading comprehension of linear text and hypertext, and that a graphical overview helps when prior knowledge is low. 相似文献
13.
The purpose of the research reported in this chapter is twofold: first, to identify features of classroom environments that promote self-regulated approaches to reading and writing in young children; and second, to work collaboratively with teachers, helping them become proficient at designing tasks and structuring interactions with students that promote self-regulated learning (SRL). Five primary (kindergarten — grade 3) teachers and their students were involved in the study. Evidence from classroom observations indicates that these five teachers consistently involved their students in complex reading and writing activities, choosing what to read and write about, modifying tasks to control challenge, and evaluating their reading and writing processes and products. Also, these teachers provided support that was instrumental to students’ development of SRL, and employed non-threatening evaluation practices. Consistent with previous research that characterizes self-regulated learners, students in these classrooms demonstrated high levels of metacognition, intrinsic motivation, and strategic action. 相似文献
14.
Christel Kumbruck 《Journal of Research in Reading》1998,21(2):160-172
This paper discusses some differences between linear reading and reading in hypertext, a non-linear medium. The investigations of hypertext form part of a research project on the design and use of multimedia systems, and hypertext in particular, for assessing planning applications for large scale building developments, such as chemical plants which are subject to the Air Pollution Laws (Immissionsschutzgesetz). The key question treated here is whether hypertext makes it easier to read and assess such planning applications for experts (officials of the regional government and advisers to interest groups) and for lay people who may be objectors (such as members of ecology groups or those living in the neighbourhood). The development and testing of a hypertext system for this purpose involves considering the literature in psychology on cognitive differences between reading conventional and hypertext documents and on advantages and disadvantages of hypertext. From the literature review and from interview data, it is concluded that hypertext has fewer benefits in this situation than it appears to promise; while there are some advantages for experts, who nevertheless also need to apply conventional reading strategies to conventional paper texts, it is of limited use to the lay non-experts who have an interest in planning inquiries. 相似文献
15.
Despite the similarities that researchers note between the cognitive processes and knowledge involved in reading and writing, there are students who are much stronger readers than writers and those who are much stronger writers than readers. The addition of the writing section to the SAT provides an opportunity to examine whether certain groups of students are more likely to exhibit stronger performance in reading versus writing and the academic consequences of this discrepant performance. Results of this study, based on hierarchical linear models of student performance, showed that even after controlling for relevant student characteristics and prior academic performance, an SAT critical reading–writing discrepancy had a small effect on 1st-year grade point average as well as English course grades in college. Specifically, students who had relatively higher writing scores as compared to their critical reading scores earned higher grades in their 1st year of college as well as in their 1st-year English course(s). 相似文献
16.
李萍 《四川师范学院学报》2008,(5):103-109
作为泛读课堂教学不可缺少的重要补充,泛读课外阅读学习需要关注个体学生的不同阅读兴趣与需求,帮助学生成长为具有自主阅读能力的人。必读、选读、定题读三合一泛读课外学习模式旨在改革传统大学泛读课外阅读现状,将传统的“完全教师控制”模式、“完全放任”模式转化为教师与学生商讨式的“必读、选读、定题读综合学习”模式。模式的核心在于激励学生进行主动的、自主的、有目标的课外阅读。它鼓励学生在课外阅读中的合作学习、师生之间的沟通交流。通过阅读开发学生高级思雏,并提高他们开展延展性活动的能力。其最终目标是培养学生的自主阅读意识和能力,使学生逐步掌握自主阅读所需的语言学习认知策略和自我管理元认知策略。 相似文献
17.
The research reported here employed a multiple-case study methodology to assess the online cognitive and metacognitive activities
of 15-year-old secondary students as they read informational texts and wrote a new text in order to learn, and the relation
of these activities to the written products they were asked to generate. To investigate the influence of the task, students
were required to perform two different tasks which differed in complexity and familiarity. The first task was reading a single
text and making a written summary of it, while the second consisted in reading two texts and making a written synthesis of
them. To gather information about how students construct meaning from informational texts, we asked students to think aloud
as they read and wrote in order to provide us with information about their comprehension and composition processes. We also
examined their reading and writing activities during the tasks. The results show that to a large extent secondary school students
lack the cognitive and metacognitive processes that would enable them to make strategic use of reading and writing. They also
show that, although there are no major differences in the way secondary school students tackle these different tasks, those
who create the most elaborate products evidence a more recursive and flexible use of reading and writing. The most obvious
conclusion as far as the repercussions of these findings are concerned is that there is an urgent need for work on tasks of
this kind in the classroom. 相似文献
18.
Dyslexic readers are typically regarded as being treatment resistant when exposed to reading intervention. The aim of this study was to determine the practical utility of employing an instrument such as the phonological assessment battery (PhAB) as a means of identifying dyslexic (with poor phonological processing skills) from non-dyslexic older low-progress readers. A sample of 22 older low-progress readers was assessed on the PhAB and also on a variety of reading and spelling measures prior to receiving and following an intensive, systematic, skills-based literacy intervention program for two terms. The group as a whole made substantial and significant mean gains on all reading and spelling measures but there were no appreciable differences in gain between those students identified as dyslexic and those who were not. Moreover, none of the PhAB subtest scores predicted size of gains. The intensive literacy instruction, however, appeared to improve performance on several subscales of the PhAB. These results provide evidence of the need for intensive literacy remediation for all low-progress readers, regardless of their categorisation, and lend support to those who advocate a non-categorical approach to addressing reading disability. Identifying dyslexic readers may not be helpful and teaching phonological awareness as a separate component may not be necessary to meet the needs of older low-progress readers. 相似文献
19.
Yu-Cin Jian 《Reading and writing》2017,30(7):1447-1472
This study investigated the cognitive processes and reader characteristics of sixth graders who had good and poor performance when reading scientific text with diagrams. We first measured the reading ability and reading self-efficacy of sixth-grade participants, and then recorded their eye movements while they were reading an illustrated scientific text and scored their answers to content-related questions. Finally, the participants evaluated the difficulty of the article, the attractiveness of the content and diagram, and their learning performance. The participants were then classified into groups based on how many correct responses they gave to questions related to reading. The results showed that readers with good performance had better character recognition ability and reading self-efficacy, were more attracted to the diagrams, and had higher self-evaluated learning levels than the readers with poor performance did. Eye-movement data indicated that readers with good performance spent significantly more reading time on the whole article, the text section, and the diagram section than the readers with poor performance did. Interestingly, readers with good performance had significantly longer mean fixation duration on the diagrams than readers with poor performance did; further, readers with good performance made more saccades between the text and the diagrams. Additionally, sequential analysis of eye movements showed that readers with good performance preferred to observe the diagram rather than the text after reading the title, but this tendency was not present in readers with poor performance. In sum, using eye-tracking technology and several reading tests and questionnaires, we found that various cognitive aspects (reading strategy, diagram utilization) and affective aspects (reading self-efficacy, article likeness, diagram attraction, and self-evaluation of learning) affected sixth graders’ reading performance in this study. 相似文献
20.
Effectiveness of Spanish intervention for first-grade English language learners at risk for reading difficulties 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vaughn S Linan-Thompson S Mathes PG Cirino PT Carlson CD Pollard-Durodola SD Cardenas-Hagan E Francis DJ 《Journal of learning disabilities》2006,39(1):56-73
The effectiveness of an explicit, systematic reading intervention for first-grade students whose home language was Spanish and who were at risk for reading difficulties was examined. Participants were 69 students in 20 classrooms in 7 schools from 3 districts who initially did not pass the screening in Spanish and were randomly assigned within schools to a treatment or comparison group; after 7 months, 64 students remained in the study. The intervention matched the language of instruction of their core reading program (Spanish). Treatment groups of 3 to 5 students met daily for 50 min and were provided systematic and explicit instruction in oral language and reading by trained bilingual intervention teachers. Comparison students received the school's standard intervention for struggling readers. Observations during core reading instruction provided information about the reading instruction and language use of the teachers. There were no differences between the treatment and comparison groups in either Spanish or English on any measures at pretest, but there were significant posttest differences in favor of the treatment group for the following outcomes in Spanish: Letter-Sound Identification (d = 0.72), Phonological Awareness composite (d = 0.73), Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised Oral Language composite (d = 0.35), Word Attack (d = 0.85), Passage Comprehension (d = 0.55), and two measures of reading fluency (d = 0.58-0.75). 相似文献