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1.
The aim of this study was to compare the 'anaerobic threshold' (AnT) of subjects determined during a continuous 2-min incremental exercise test until exhaustion and the 'maximal lactate steady-state' (BLaSsmax) determined during prolonged exercise at constant loads corresponding to the subjects' AnT and/or 5-25% above and below it. Seventeen subjects performed an incremental exercise test and 1-5 prolonged exercise tests on a cycle ergometer until exhaustion at intervals of 1 week, and work rates, oxygen uptake (VO2) values and brachial venous blood lactate (BLa) levels were measured. It was proposed that when exercising at a constant workload below AnT, BLa would fall after having reached its peak; at the level of AnT, BLa reaches maximal steady-state (BLaSsmax); and above AnT, BLa increases continuously. Altogether, in 34 of 45 tests with a constant workload between 80 and 125% AnT, BLa values were as expected. In those cases in which BLaSsmax was reached, BLa increased on average by 3.8 mM from resting levels. This increase was 2.0 mM greater than that seen between resting levels and AnT during incremental exercise. There was no correlation between BLa values at BLaSsmax and at AnT, both when expressed as an increase in BLa (delta BLa) and absolute BLa concentration. Altogether, 81% of the variation in BLa concentration at BLaSsmax could be explained by the subjects' age, the percentage of slow-twitch fibres and BLa levels at rest. The AnT and BLaSsmax did not differ significantly, and these values were correlated (r = 0.83). Together, AnT and age accounted for 85% of the variation seen in BLaSsmax. The BLaSsmax did not correlate with AnT when fixed at a BLa concentration of 4 mM (AnT4mM). The three hypotheses tested in this study were confirmed, and the present results demonstrate that AnT correlates with BLaSsmax. The few exceptions to anticipated BLa kinetics were small in magnitude and could be explained by physiological variations. 相似文献
2.
We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the chronic effects of the sequence of concurrent strength and endurance training on selected important physiological and performance parameters, namely lower body 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max/peak). Based on predetermined eligibility criteria, chronic effect trials, comparing strength-endurance (SE) with endurance-strength (ES) training sequence in the same session were included. Data on effect sizes, sample size and SD as well other related study characteristics were extracted. The effect sizes were pooled using, Fixed or Random effect models as per level of heterogeneity between studies and a further sensitivity analyses was carried out using Inverse Variance Heterogeneity (IVHet) models to adjust for potential bias due to heterogeneity. Lower body 1RM was significantly higher when strength training preceded endurance with a pooled mean change of 3.96 kg (95%CI: 0.81 to 7.10 kg). However, the training sequence had no impact on aerobic capacity with a pooled mean difference of 0.39 ml.kg.min?1 (95%CI: ?1.03 to 1.81 ml.kg.min?1). Sequencing strength training prior to endurance in concurrent training appears to be beneficial for lower body strength adaptations, while the improvement of aerobic capacity is not affected by training order. 相似文献
3.
Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez Athanasios Dalamitros João Ribeiro Ana Sousa Ricardo J. Fernandes J. Paulo Vilas-Boas 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(4):425-432
This study analysed the effects of two different periodization strategies on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities in competitive swimmers. Seventeen athletes of both sexes were divided to two groups, the traditional periodization (TPG, n?=?7) and the reverse periodization group (RPG, n?=?10). Each group followed a 10-week training period based on the two different periodization strategies. Before and after training, swimming velocity (SV), energy expenditure (EE), energy cost (EC) and percentage of aerobic (%Aer) and anaerobic (%An) energy contribution to the swimming intensities corresponding to the aerobic threshold (AerT), the anaerobic threshold (AnT) and the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max) were measured. Both groups increased the %An at the AerT and AnT intensity (P?≤?.05). In contrast, at the AnT intensity, EE and EC were only increased in TPG. Complementary, %Aer, %An, EE and EC at vVO2max did not alter in both groups (P?>?.05); no changes were observed in SV in TPG and RPG at all three intensities. These results indicate that both periodization schemes confer almost analogous adaptations in specific physiological parameters in competitive swimmers. However, given the large difference in the total training volume between the two groups, it is suggested that the implementation of the reverse periodization model is an effective and time-efficient strategy to improve performance mainly for swimming events where the AnT is an important performance indicator. 相似文献
4.
This investigation examined effects of two exercise modes (barbell, BB; bodyweight suspension, BWS) on muscle activation, resistance load, and fatigue. During session one, nine resistance-trained males completed an elbow flexion one-repetition maximum (1RM). During sessions two and three, subjects completed standing biceps curls to fatigue at 70% 1RM utilizing a randomized exercise mode. Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded muscle activation of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae. BWS resistance load was measured using a force transducer. Standing maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the elbow flexors recorded at 90° were used to determine the isometric force decrement and rate of fatigue (ROF) during exercise. sEMG and resistance load data were divided into 25% contraction duration bins throughout the concentric phase. BWS resulted in a 67.7?±?7.4% decline in resistance load throughout the concentric phase (p?≤?0.05). As a result, BB elicited higher mean resistance loads (31.4?±?4.0?kg) and biceps brachii sEMG (84.7?±?27.8% maximal voluntary isometric contractions, MVIC) compared with BWS (20.4?±?3.4?kg, 63.4?±?21.6% MVIC). No difference in rectus abdominis or erector spinae sEMG was detected between exercise modes. Isometric force decrement was greater during BWS (?21.7?±?7.0?kg) compared with BB (?14.9?±?4.7?kg); however, BB (?3.0?±?0.8?kg/set) resulted in a steeper decline in ROF compared with BWS (?1.7?±?0.6?kg/set). The variable resistance loading and greater isometric force decrement observed suggest that select BWS exercises may resemble variable resistance exercise more than previously considered. 相似文献
5.
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the ‘anaerobic threshold’ (AnT) of subjects determined during a continuous 2‐min incremental exercise test until exhaustion and the ‘maximal lactate steady‐state’ (BLaSsmax) determined during prolonged exercise at constant loads corresponding to the subjects’ AnT and/or 5–25% above and below it. Seventeen subjects performed an incremental exercise test and 1–5 prolonged exercise tests on a cycle ergometer until exhaustion at intervals of 1 week, and work rates, oxygen uptake (VO2) values and brachial venous blood lactate (BLa) levels were measured. It was proposed that when exercising at a constant workload below AnT, BLa would fall after having reached its peak; at the level of AnT, BLa reaches maximal steady‐state (BLaSsmax); and above AnT, BLa increases continuously. Altogether, in 34 of 45 tests with a constant workload between 80 and 125% AnT, BLa values were as expected. In those cases in which BLaSsmax was reached, BLa increased on average by 3.8 mM from resting levels. This increase was 2.0 mM greater than that seen between resting levels and AnT during incremental exercise. There was no correlation between BLa values at BLaSsmax and at AnT, both when expressed as an increase in BLa (ABLa) and absolute BLa concentration. Altogether, 81% of the variation in BLa concentration at BLaSsmax could be explained by the subjects’ age, the percentage of slow‐twitch fibres and BLa levels at rest. The AnT and BLaSsmax did not differ significantly, and these values were correlated (r = 0.83). Together, AnT and age accounted for 85% of the variation seen in BLaSsmax. The BLaSsmax did not correlate with AnT when fixed at a BLa concentration of 4 mM (AnT4mM). The three hypotheses tested in this study were confirmed, and the present results demonstrate that AnT correlates with BLaSsmax. The few exceptions to anticipated BLa kinetics were small in magnitude and could be explained by physiological variations. 相似文献
6.
为了探讨同属有氧训练的短期耐力训练和力量性耐力训练对男大学生心泵血功能的影响，分别在训练前、训练6周和8周后测试了20名男大学生的SV和CO。结果发现：耐力训练6周后SV和CO有显性提高，而力量性耐力训练8周后SV和CO才有显性提高，这提示短期耐力、力量性耐力训练都能增强男大学生心泵血功能，但存在一个不同的训练时间阈。 相似文献
7.
AbstractThe purpose of this project was to evaluate the utility of low- and high-repetition maximum (RM) strength tests used to assess rowers. Twenty elite heavyweight males (age 23.7 ± 4.0 years) performed four tests (5 RM, 30 RM, 60 RM and 120 RM) using leg press and seated arm pulling exercise on a dynamometer. Each test was repeated on two further occasions; 3 and 7 days from the initial trial. Per cent typical error (within-participant variation) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated using log-transformed repeated-measures data. High-repetition tests (30 RM, 60 RM and 120 RM), involving seated arm pulling exercise are not recommended to be included in an assessment battery, as they had unsatisfactory measurement precision (per cent typical error > 5% or ICC < 0.9). Conversely, low-repetition tests (5 RM) involving leg press and seated arm pulling exercises could be used to assess elite rowers (per cent typical error ≤ 5% and ICC ≥ 0.9); however, only 5 RM leg pressing met criteria (per cent typical error = 2.7%, ICC = 0.98) for research involving small samples (n = 20). In summary, low-repetition 5 RM strength testing offers greater utility as assessments of rowers, as they can be used to measure upper- and lower-body strength; however, only the leg press exercise is recommended for research involving small squads of elite rowers. 相似文献
8.
通过对30名普通健康成年男性进行10周的渐进性力量训练，力量训练前后测试实验对象的力量和有氧能力对比研究。结果表明力量训练后，实验对象的最大蹲起负重（Loadmax）、60％最大蹲起负重下的蹲跳功率（P60）、最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量以及最大工作功率都有了显著性增长。与训练前相比，在最大摄氧量测试过程中，随着工作功率的提高，通气量呈下降的趋势，摄氧量呈上升的趋势，氧差有增大的趋势。 相似文献
9.
目的:探讨急性离心运动伴4种不同程度的血流限制对年轻女性外周疲劳及心脏自主神经功能的影响,综合评价各方案的安全性,为长期血流限制运动干预提供参考。方法:将40名女大学生随机分为4组,分别进行小强度抗阻(30%1RM)伴0%(CON组)、40%(BFR40组)、60%(BFR60组)和80%(BFR80组)动脉闭塞压(AOP)的血流限制运动。各小组进行4组伸膝离心运动,第1组重复30次,后3组重复15次,组间休息30 s。检测运动前、运动后即刻、15 min、30 min、1 h以及24 h的骨骼肌收缩性能(最大径向位移、收缩速度)、最大等长力量和心脏自主神经功能。结果:1)与CON组相比,BFR40组的副交感神经活性受到轻微抑制(P<0.05),可在运动后30 min内恢复(P>0.05);2)BFR60组的最大等长力量在运动后显著下降(P<0.01),副交感神经活性进一步抑制(P<0.01),交感神经支配增强(P<0.05),运动后30 min内恢复交感—副交感神经的平衡性(P>0.05);3)BFR80组运动后诱发显著的外周疲劳(P<0.01),使副交感恢复显著延迟,交感活性大幅增强(P<0.05),需更长时间恢复交感—副交感神经的平衡性(24 h内);4)相关性分析显示,副交感神经活性分别与最大径向位移(r=0.65)、收缩速度(r=0.62)和最大等长力量(r=0.55)呈正相关(P<0.05),交感神经活性与上述3个指标呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:血流限制运动中,40%AOP会抑制迷走神经活性;60%AOP可明显影响交感神经活性和交感—副交感调控的平衡性;80%AOP可诱发显著的外周疲劳,且与心脏自主神经调控密切相关。综上所述,不建议心血管风险高的患者使用80%AOP训练。 相似文献
10.
11.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of resting, aerobic exercise practised alone, and aerobic exercise with active video games (AVG), on complex reaction time (CRT) and the post-exercise acute rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in young healthy adults. The experimental group was composed of 92 healthy young adults, 78 males and 13 females (age M?=?21.9?±?2.7 years) who completed two sessions, A and B. In session A, participants rode 30?min on an ergometer, while in session B they exercised for 30?min on an ergometer while playing an AVG on a Wii. The control group was composed of 30 young adults, 26 males and 4 females (age M?=?21.4?±?2.9 years) who rested for 30?min. In each session, a CRT task was performed before and after exercising or resting, and post-exercise global RPE was noted. Repeated measures general linear model (GLM) and Wilcoxon tests were performed. (1) Both aerobic exercise alone and aerobic exercise combined with AVG improved CRT, while resting did not; (2) aerobic exercise combined with AVG did not improve CRT more than aerobic exercise only; and (3) RPE was lower after aerobic exercise combined with AVG compared with aerobic exercise only. In young adults, exercise produces acute benefits on CRT, and practising exercise with AVG helps to decrease RPE. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of this study was to compare changes in aerobic condition, strength, and muscular endurance following 8 weeks of endurance rowing alone or in combination with weight-training. Twenty-two elite rowers were assigned to (1) rowing (n = 10, 250-270 km · week?1) or (2) rowing (n = 12, 190-210 km · week?1) plus four weight-training sessions each week. Pre and post mean and standardized effect-size (ES) differences in aerobic condition (watts at 4 mmol · L?1) and strength (isometric pull, N), prone bench-pull (6-repetition maximum, 6-RM), 5- and 30-repetition leg-press and 60-repetition seated-arm-pull (J, performed on a dynamometer) normalized by body mass and log-transformed were analysed, after adjusting for gender. The standardized differences between groups were trivial for aerobic condition (ES [±90% CI] = 0.15; ±0.28, P = 0.37) and prone bench-pull (ES = 0.27; ±0.33, P = 0.18), although a moderate positive benefit in favour of rowing only was observed for the seated-arm-pull (ES = 0.42; ±0.4, P = 0.08). Only the weight-training group improved isometric pull (12.4 ± 8.9%, P < 0.01), 5-repetition (4.0 ± 5.7%, P < 0.01) and 30-repetition (2.4 ± 5.4%, P < 0.01) leg-press. In conclusion, while gains in aerobic condition and upper-body strength were comparable to extensive endurance rowing, weight-training led to moderately greater lower-body muscular-endurance and strength gains. 相似文献
13.
以中国皮划艇激流回旋队9名国际健将级运动员为研究对象,对其最大摄氧量、心率、乳酸、卧推与卧拉的最大力量（1RM）及力量耐力（40% 1RM,120 s）、静水300 m直线速度、静水8 km长划等指标进行测试,采用SPSS25.0对测试结果进行描述统计,并与世界优秀选手相关体能指标进行比较,诊断我国优秀激流回旋运动员体能问题,并提出相应训练对策。结果表明,我国优秀激流回旋运动员有氧能力、专项力量、基础速度与专项速度不同程度落后于国际优秀选手。为提升我国优秀激流回旋运动员体能水平,建议采用水上与陆上相结合的有氧训练方法发展运动员有氧能力,提高全年有氧训练比例,科学安排有氧训练的负荷量与强度;采用陆上基础力量训练发展运动员上肢爆发力、力量耐力与躯干稳定性力量,采用水上专项力量训练发展运动员划桨的峰值桨力与功率;既要重视运动员静水划船的基础速度,也要强化其高强度、高速度的激流专项竞速能力。 相似文献
14.
Alejandro Torrejón Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández G. Gregory Haff 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(3):245-255
This study aimed to determine the suitability of the load-velocity relationship to prescribe the relative load (%1RM) in women, as well as to compare the load-velocity profile between sexes and participants with different strength levels. The load-velocity relationship of 14 men (1RM: 1.17 ± 0.19) and 14 women (1RM: 0.66 ± 0.13) were evaluated in the bench press exercise. The main findings revealed that: (I) the load-velocity relationship was always strong and linear (R2 range: 0.987–0.993), (II) a steeper load-velocity profile was observed in men compared to women (Effect size [ES]: 1.09), with men showing higher velocities for light loads (ES: ? 0.81 and ? 0.40 for the y-intercept and 30%1RM, respectively), but women reporting higher velocities for the heavy loads (ES: 1.14 and 1.50 at 90%1RM and 100%1RM, respectively); and (III) while the slope of the load-velocity profile was moderately steeper for weak men compared to their strong counterpart (ES: 1.02), small differences were observed between strong and weak women (ES: ? 0.39). While these results support the use of the individual load-velocity relationship to prescribe the %1RM in the bench press exercise for women, they also highlight the large disparities in their load-velocity profile compared to men. 相似文献
15.
The goal of this randomized, double-blind, cross-over study was to assess the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and power, muscular endurance, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and pain perception (PP) in resistance-trained men. Seventeen volunteers (mean?±?SD: age?=?26?±?6 years, stature?=?182?±?9?cm, body mass?=?84?±?9?kg, resistance training experience?=?7?±?3 years) consumed placebo or 6?mg?kg?1 of anhydrous caffeine 1?h before testing. Muscular power was assessed with seated medicine ball throw and vertical jump exercises, muscular strength with one-repetition maximum (1RM) barbell back squat and bench press exercises, and muscular endurance with repetitions of back squat and bench press exercises (load corresponding to 60% of 1RM) to momentary muscular failure. RPE and PP were assessed immediately after the completion of the back squat and bench press exercises. Compared to placebo, caffeine intake enhanced 1RM back squat performance (+2.8%; effect size [ES]?=?0.19; p?=?.016), which was accompanied by a reduced RPE (+7%; ES?=?0.53; p?=?.037), and seated medicine ball throw performance (+4.3%, ES?=?0.32; p?=?.009). Improvements in 1RM bench press were not noted although there were significant (p?=?.029) decreases in PP related to this exercise when participants ingested caffeine. The results point to an acute benefit of caffeine intake in enhancing lower-body strength, likely due to a decrease in RPE; upper-, but not lower-body power; and no effects on muscular endurance, in resistance-trained men. Individuals competing in events in which strength and power are important performance-related factors may consider taking 6?mg?kg?1 of caffeine pre-training/competition for performance enhancement. 相似文献
16.
Yoann M. Garnier Christos Paizis Romuald Lepers 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(2):166-176
The present study assessed neuromuscular and corticospinal changes during and after a fatiguing submaximal exercise of the knee extensors in different modes of muscle contraction. Twelve subjects performed two knee extensors exercises in a concentric or eccentric mode, at the same torque and with a similar total impulse. Exercises consisted of 10 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 80% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVIC). MVIC, maximal voluntary activation level (VAL) and responses of electrically evoked contractions of the knee extensors were assessed before and after exercise. Motor evoked potential amplitude (MEP) and cortical silent period (CSP) of the vastus medialis (VM) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles were assessed before, during and after exercise. Similar reductions of the MVIC (?13%), VAL (?12%) and a decrease in the peak twitch (?12%) were observed after both exercises. For both VM and RF muscles, MEP amplitude remained unchanged during either concentric or eccentric exercises. No change of the MEP amplitude input–output curves was observed post-exercise. For the RF muscle, CSP increased during the concentric exercise and remained lengthened after this exercise. For the VM muscle, CSP was reduced after the eccentric exercise only. For a similar amount of total impulse, concentric and eccentric knee extensor contractions led to similar exercise-induced neuromuscular response changes. For the two muscles investigated, no modulation of corticospinal excitability was observed during or after either concentric or eccentric exercises. However, intracortical inhibition showed significant modulations during and after exercise. 相似文献
17.
Thevenet D Leclair E Tardieu-Berger M Berthoin S Regueme S Prioux J 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(12):1313-1321
In this study, we examined the effects of three recovery intensities on time spent at a high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (t90[Vdot]O(2max)) during a short intermittent session. Eight endurance-trained male adolescents (16 +/- 1 years) performed four field tests until exhaustion: a graded test to determine maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O(2max); 57.4 +/- 6.1 ml x min(-1) . kg(-1)) and maximal aerobic velocity (17.9 +/- 0.4 km x h(-1)), and three intermittent exercises consisting of repeat 30-s runs at 105% of maximal aerobic velocity alternating with 30 s active recovery at 50% (IE(50)), 67% (IE(67)), and 84% (IE(84)) of maximal aerobic velocity. In absolute values, mean t90[Vdot]O(2max) was not significantly different between IE(50) and IE(67), but both values were significantly longer compared with IE(84). When expressed in relative values (as a percentage of time to exhaustion), mean t90[Vdot]O(2max) was significantly higher during IE(67) than during IE(50). Our results show that both 50% and 67% of maximal aerobic velocity of active recovery induced extensive solicitation of the cardiorespiratory system. Our results suggest that the choice of recovery intensity depends on the exercise objective. 相似文献
18.
To examine the activity profile and physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing, we performed computerized time-motion analyses and measured the heart rate and blood lactate concentration of 27 referees during 43 competitive matches in the two top Danish leagues. To relate match performance to physical capacity and training, several physiological tests were performed before and after intermittent exercise training. Total distance covered was 10.07 - 0.13 km (mean - s x ), of which 1.67 - 0.08 km was high-intensity running. High-intensity running and backwards running decreased (P ? 0.05) in the second half. Mean heart rate was 162 - 2 beats· min -1 (85 - 1% of maximal heart rate) and the mean blood lactate concentration was 4.9 - 0.3 (range 1.7-14.0) mmol·l -1 . The amount of high-intensity running during a match was related to the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test ( r 2 = 0.57; P ? 0.05) and the 12 min run ( r 2 = 0.21; P ? 0.05). After intermittent training ( n = 8), distance covered during high-intensity running was greater (2.06 - 0.13 vs 1.69 - 0.08 km; P ? 0.05) and mean heart rate was lower (159 - 1 vs 164 - 2 beats· min -1 ; P ? 0.05) than before training. The results of the present study demonstrate that: (1) top-class soccer referees have significant aerobic energy expenditure throughout a game and episodes of considerable anaerobic energy turnover; (2) the ability to perform high-intensity running is reduced towards the end of matches; (3) the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test can be used to evaluate referees' match performance; and (4) intense intermittent exercise training improves referees' performance capacity during a game. 相似文献
19.
力量耐力训练对大鼠骨骼肌超微结构和酶的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究旨在观察力量耐力训练对大鼠骨骼肌的超微结构以及氧化酶与无氧酶含量的影响,结果发现:受6 w力量耐力训练的影响,Gn、LDH、SDH以及ATPase含量明显升高,肌纤维排列整齐、线粒体体积增大,数量增多,线粒体嵴致密,表明力量耐力训练可以有效的提高机体的有氧和无氧代谢能力。 相似文献
20.
Michael Leveritt Helen MacLaughlin Peter J. Abernethy 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):865-871
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a single bout of endurance exercise on subsequent strength performance. Eight males with a long history of resistance training performed isokinetic, isometric and isotonic leg extension strength tests 8 and 32 h after 50 min of cycle ergometry at 70-110% of critical power. The participants also completed a control condition in which no cycling was performed. Plasma lactate and ammonia were measured before and immediately after each strength test. Isokinetic, isometric and isotonic leg extension torques were not significantly different 8 or 32 h after endurance exercise compared with the control condition ( P > 0.05). A large (50.3%), but not statistically significant, increase in plasma ammonia was evident during the strength tests performed 8 h after endurance exercise, while a significant ( P ? 0.05) increase in ammonia was also seen 32 h after endurance exercise. No significant changes in plasma ammonia were evident in the control condition. Our results suggest that leg extension strength was not compromised by an earlier bout of endurance cycling. However, metabolic activity during the strength tests might have been altered by the preceding bout of endurance exercise. 相似文献