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1.
如何界定科学革命的起止时间反映了科学史家关于科学革命实质和原因的编史学观念,关于科学革命完成节点的争论凸显出对科学革命所涉及的不同学科和潮流的认识。本文详细探讨了科学革命起止时间背后的编史学观念,以揭示对科学革命的理解是如何层层深入递进的。 相似文献
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Fara P 《Endeavour》2005,29(4):148-149
The reputations of scientific heroes shift constantly, modified by politicians as well as by historians. Now that the Scientific Revolution has been reappraised, Nicolas Copernicus is portrayed as a friend of the Catholic Church rather than a scientific martyr. As a German-speaking Pole he has been claimed as a figure of national historical importance by both Germany and Poland, and since the early 20th century has been an important symbol of Polish independence. 相似文献
3.
William Wresch 《Ethics and Information Technology》2003,5(2):117-127
By 1789 the French Enlightenment had alreadyestablished that the rights of citizensincluded the right to speak, write, and printfreely. This right has since been enshrined invarious national and international documents,but remains elusive in much of the world. Oneway to consider these freedoms is to look notjust across the world comparing nations thathave or don't have freedom, but back throughtime at the first effort to promulgate thesenew rights – the French Revolution. When theFrench Revolution created freedom of the pressin 1789, the French book publishing industrywas noted for five attributes: completecensorship of all publications, a rigidlyenforced printing monopoly, copyrightprotection for all authors, fossilized content,and the proliferation of illegal presses. Digital technology is enabling a second dawn ofpress freedoms, but the five problems found inFrance two centuries ago can still be seen invarious forms, especially in the massivemonopoly of book publishing by a few countries. The answers created by France in 1810 present apartial basis for how current governments couldrespond to contemporary problems with freedomof the press. Rightly used, new digitaltechnology also has an opportunity to finallyfacilitate one of civilization's fundamentalfreedoms. 相似文献
4.
Govindan Parayil 《Research Policy》2003,32(6):971-990
The dynamics of technology development along the technological trajectories of the Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution could be explicated by the social morphologies of modernization and globalization. The Green Revolution was shaped by the exigencies of modernization, while the Gene Revolution is being shaped by the imperatives of neo-liberal economic globalization. Innovation, development, and diffusion of technologies followed different trajectories in these two realms because of being part of different innovation systems. Considerations of private gain and profit in the form of high returns to shareholders of agro-biotech corporations of global reach, largely, determine the dynamics of technological innovation in the Gene Revolution. Technology transfer and local adaptive work in the Green Revolution was carried out in the international public domain with the objective of developing research capacity in post-colonial Third World agriculture to increase food production to avert hunger-led political insurrection during the Cold War. Differentiating these two trajectories is important not only due to the normative implications inherent in comparing the impacts of these two “revolutions”, but also due to the important lessons we learn about how different contexts of innovation in the same technology cluster could evolve into contrasting research policy regimes. 相似文献
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晶体管的发明引发了半导体革命。本文系统地梳理了晶体管在贝尔电话实验室的发明经纬,具体地考察了诺贝尔物理学奖获得者肖克莱在晶体管发明过程中所发挥的作用。文章在对拥有超凡创造力,但又颇具争议性的人物肖克莱的生平事迹进行考察之后,还结合科技管理问题进行了多角度的思考。 相似文献
7.
16世纪末以来,西方科技知识系统地传入中国,中国科学研究的内容、方法、制度及其在社会所扮演的角色均呈阶段性变化。本文讨论了“文革”前中国选择科技发展战略的阶段性特点及影响战略选择的因素,并探讨了战略对科学技术发展的影响以期对我国当代科技发展战略研究能有所启示。 相似文献
8.
思想政治教育是中国共产党的优良传统和政治优势,中共自1921年成立以来就十分重视对工人阶级的思想政治教育。1924至1927年,在第一次国共合作进行国民革命的特殊历史环境下,党根据当时特定的时代背景和革命要求,采用多种途径对工人阶级进行了多维度、多方式的思想政治教育,取得了不俗的成效。新时代,党要一如既往地抓好对工人阶级的思想政治教育。大革命时期积累的一系列宝贵经验,对当代党思想政治教育工作的开展仍具有重要的借鉴作用。 相似文献
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以蒸汽机为标志的工业革命，在为人类带来巨大财富与物质文明的同时，也导致了人与自然的对立．全球性生态危机也因此产生。工业生态化概念是对资源环境保护和经济社会发展关系的重新定位，工业生态化要求我们对传统工业的发展加以反思，采取有效的措施促进工业的生态可持续发展。 相似文献
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中西对自然有不同取向,始自不同的质性自然哲学或物理见解。关于科学革命为何发生于西欧而不在中国,过去已有不少讨论。本文拟从比较中西科学与文化的观点,并通过陈方正和库恩对亚里士多德自然哲学与科学革命的看法,来看人类是如何由古代从偏向质性的自然哲学讨论,通过其间大学与基督宗教产生的影响,使西方近代早期物理学数理化,在科学革命中扮演了领头羊的角色。 相似文献
11.
<正>自人们开始研究机器人以来,其应用领域主要有两个方面:(1)应用于工业制造领域。在工业制造过程中,生产车间通常具有结构化环境,要求机器人在这种环境中实现高速、精确的操作。(2)应用于远程操作领域。有些工作人类不能参与或者不愿参与,利用机器人是一种很好的选择。如2013年9月15日日本福岛核电站遭台风"万宜"袭 相似文献
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Simon J 《Endeavour》2002,26(4):132-136
During the 18th century, mineralogy constituted an integral part of natural history, sharing the concerns of botany and zoology over collection and classification. In Paris, many people owned private mineral collections, but these have been largely neglected by historians. Here, I examine the place of private collections in the history of mineralogy, arguing that they contributed socially, economically and intellectually to the field in a period before the dominance of the large national collection. I also show how the interests of private collectors diverged from those of the curators of public collections, particularly following the French Revolution. 相似文献
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一项资源实现其价值需要满足边界清晰和产权明确等条件,技术变革缓慢的主要原因在于未能创新一整套所有权。知识产权确权就是确定知识财产的所有权归属。高校知识产权确权是检验其技术创新能力的关键指标。对职务技术成果、财政资助项目技术成果、协同创新技术成果、在校学生技术成果权利归属确定的法定原则进行了分析,针对高校知识产权提出相应的创新性的权属制度规则,以期望高校创新和完成人权益保护的双赢。 相似文献
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Roberts L 《Endeavour》2000,24(2):55-58
The history of the steam engine is generally linked to that of the Industrial Revolution. This article seeks to uncouple this seemingly necessary link by examining other contexts in which the steam engine was introduced and developed. 相似文献
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Cunde Xiao Zhiheng Du Mike J Handley Paul A Mayewski Junji Cao Simon Schüpbach Tong Zhang Jean-Robert Petit Chuanjin Li Yeongcheol Han Yuefang Li Jiawen Ren 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(7)
Mineral dust can indirectly affect the climate by supplying bioavailable iron (Fe) to the ocean. Here, we present the records of dissolved Fe (DFe) and total Fe (TDFe) in North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core over the past 110 kyr BP. The Fe records are significantly negatively correlated with the carbon-dioxide (CO2) concentrations during cold periods. The results suggest that the changes in Fe fluxes over the past 110 kyr BP in the NEEM ice core are consistent with those in Chinese loess records because the mineral-dust distribution is controlled by the East Asian deserts. Furthermore, the variations in the dust input on a global scale are most likely driven by changes in solar radiation during the last glacial–interglacial cycle in response to Earth''s orbital cycles. In the last glacial–interglacial cycle, the DFe/TDFe ratios were higher during the warm periods (following the post-Industrial Revolution and during the Holocene and last interglacial period) than during the main cold period (i.e. the last glacial maximum (LGM)), indicating that the aeolian input of iron and the iron fertilization effect on the oceans have a non-linear relationship during different periods. Although the burning of biomass aerosols has released large amounts of DFe since the Industrial Revolution, no significant responses are observed in the DFe and TDFe variations during this period, indicating that severe anthropogenic contamination has no significant effect on the DFe (TDFe) release in the NEEM ice core. 相似文献
16.
Fara P 《Endeavour》2006,30(3):90-91
Isambard Kingdom Brunel learnt the arts of self-promotion from his father, but triumphant images of him conceal failures and disappointments. This article (part of the Science in the Industrial Revolution series) focuses on his first and last great engineering projects--the Thames Tunnel and the Great Eastern steam-ship. 相似文献
17.
Sandro Mendonça 《Research Policy》2009,38(3):470-482
‘Lower-tech’ sectors are still commonly regarded as unusual suspects in the modern process of innovation and economic change. In this paper we try to understand better how organisations specialising in traditional businesses have been transformed by a period of paradigm-shift such as the one that characterised the final decades of the twentieth century. We focus on a population of nearly 500 of the world's largest innovative companies to assess the extent to which companies belonging to ‘old-economy’ sectors have been developing cutting-edge knowledge about clusters of new technologies such as ICT, new materials and biotechnology. We find that ‘non-high-tech’ corporations transformed their patent portfolios in a non-trivial way. Companies in mature trades contributed significantly to the development of technologies that are at the core of the so-called Third Industrial Revolution. 相似文献
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Fara P 《Endeavour》2007,31(1):4-6
A close associate of the Lunar Society, Joseph Wright of Derby painted several industrial and scientific scenes. This article (part of the Science in the Industrial Revolution series) shows how two of his works - featuring an orrery and an alchemist - reveal the ideas and aspirations of the provincial philosophers who made up the Society. 相似文献
19.
随着国家创新驱动发展战略的深入实施,大众创新日益受到重视。"大众创新是什么,又是如何运行的"这一命题就摆在国内外理论界面前,需要给予科学界定和研究。首先在对用户创新、开放式创新、专—业余爱好者创新和大众创新从内容与运行模式两个维度进行比较研究的基础上,界定与完善了大众创新的概念;其次,在Crawford研发合作模型基础上,将大众创新分为三种类型,即网络社区式、实体空间式和平台众包式,并探究其运行模式;最后,就每种模式进行了案例分析。 相似文献
20.
人际交往视角下微信功能的探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
新信息技术正以全球的工具性网络整合世界,并产生了庞大多样的虚拟社群[1]。作为移动互联网时代的“新宠”,微信席卷并占领了通信市场。旨在从人际交往的角度,剖析微信的处于核心地位的功能。基于媒介延伸论,探讨“对讲机”功能如何实现人际沟通的“光荣革命”。从人际交往的符号互动理论出发,讨论了“摇一摇”功能体现出的社会心理。从弱关系和地缘性两个角度出发,分析了“附近的人”功能建立起的人际关系实质及其建立的认知过程。重点探讨了人际关系建立与发展的过程,以此反思“朋友圈”建立的过程。从人际关系分类与人际圈模型图两个方面,思考和解构基于微信形成的关系圈。 相似文献