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1.
默顿学派的科学规范理论对科学规范及其运行进行了比较完整的阐述,形成了自己独特的内在逻辑:"扩展被证实了的知识"是科学的价值目标或称科学的制度性目标;这一目标得以实现的内在保障是科学的精神特质,包括普遍主义、公有主义、非谋利性和有组织的怀疑四种科学基本规范;科学价值目标的实现和科学基本规范的遵守有赖于科学的奖励系统、分层系统、控制系统等科学子系统的有效运行。 相似文献
2.
中国道家学说与极简主义理念的共同之处 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生活在丰厚传统文化背景下的中国艺术家,应该对极简主义艺术有多方面的理解和更深层次的艺术探索,极简主义艺术在中国应该可以获得广泛的认同。 相似文献
3.
贾向桐 《科学技术与辩证法》2008,25(6)
以石里克、卡尔纳普等人为代表的逻辑经验主义,试图利用经验和数理逻辑为工具给科学制定出一套理性的规范方法,以便能一劳永逸地解决科学的合理性问题。但这种规范主义很快为奎因、库恩等人所批判,科学哲学逐渐从逻辑主义过渡到了"后经验主义"。后经验主义在科学认识论的研究理路上突出的表现为自然主义和规范主义认识论两种路线的对立。我们将针对上述问题,初步理清20世纪以来科学认识研究所形成的这两条的进路,分析它们的理论特点及其局限性,以期揭示当代科学哲学发展的新动向。 相似文献
4.
关于现代科学与中国传统文化之间关系,时下的讨论常常落入三个误区。误区之一是语境主义的缺失,将当代中国在科学竞争上的乏力笼统地归咎于传统文化;误区之二是将文化与制度作截然区分,忽视了已经获得制度化表达的非儒家文化的强大影响力;误区之三是将科学文化视为西方文化,未能深刻认识科学价值与科学规范的普世性。 相似文献
5.
桑明旭 《科学．经济．社会》2014,(3):32-37
科学是人类追求真理的特殊精神活动,也是一种特殊的知识或对认识真理性的评价。科学精神是人类在求知的精神活动中不断总结、积累、反思、体现出来的精神,是科学文化深层结构中蕴涵的价值和规范的综合,体现为科学的公共性价值追求。默顿认为,科学的精神气质是约束科学家的有情感色彩的价值观和规范的综合体,普遍主义、公有主义、无私利性以及有组织的怀疑主义构成科学精神气质的内容。齐曼基于后学院科学立场,在肯定默顿理论的同时,修正和发展了科学精神气质理论。马克思主义关于科学精神的观点包括实事求是、开拓创新、辩证批判、理解宽容、自我牺牲五个方面。相对于默顿的理想主义和齐曼的折中主义,马克思立足于物质实践和辩证法立场的科学精神理论更具有现实意义。 相似文献
6.
理论创新是马克思主义的特有品质。20世纪30—40年代,英国左派科学家卓有成效地将马克思主义这一特有品质引入到科学研究领域,创造出新的理论成果——贝尔纳主义。贝尔纳主义作为马克思主义科学观的创新理论,奠定了马克思主义科学思想成为科学学、科学社会学和科学史等一些科学学科的基础理论之一,影响至今。因此,对贝尔纳主义的研究,不仅能够显示出马克思主义理论创新的旺盛生命力,而且能够增强人们用马克思主义科学观对当代科学技术的哲学反思。 相似文献
7.
当代中国学术规范建设的逻辑起点是近年来中国学术失范行为广泛发生的科学事实。虽然学术失范者和学术规范本身都存在问题,但核心问题是后者,它包括当代中国学术规范"是否符合中国国情"和"是否全面、平衡、合理、一致"两个方面。努力解决该两方面问题,就是当代中国学术规范建设的可行进路。 相似文献
8.
科学评价规范体系是科学评价管理与监督的基础,科学评价管理与监督需要科学评价机制、政策制度、法律法规和行业规范作为保障,只有形成了科学合理、健康完善的评价规范体系,才能实现对科学评价活动的有效管理和监督。科学评价规范体系可以分为四个层次:第一层次为机制与制度;第二层次为政策与法律法规;第三层次为行业规范;第四层次为科学评价管理与监督。但各国科学评价发展水平不一,科学评价规范程度也各不相同,因而形成各具特色的科学评价规范体系。 相似文献
9.
"反科学主义"对中国现代化的危害 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陈俊 《科学技术与辩证法》2003,20(4):7-10
本文通过对中西方反科学主义思潮的对比分析,批判了中国反科学主义者企图借用西方反科学主义思潮中的抽象概念对中国历史上的所谓"科学主义"思潮进行非历史性的评价,从而复兴传统儒家文化的特殊学术主张.指出,这种特殊的学术主张对中国现代化进程产生了消极影响,并强调中国现代化的关键在于在全民中弘扬科学精神、倡导科学方法、申明科学价值. 相似文献
10.
历史经过了自然史与社会史之后在科技史中实现了自己的自我认识;科技史是历史自我认识发展的高级阶段,它所描述的是一个介于自由意志与客观规律之间的世界;科技史史料不仅具有历史价值,同时还具有科学价值;科技史的建构是历史与逻辑的统一、主体性与客观性的统一;科技史的思想基础是历史科学而不是科学哲学;历史的客观主义原则必然表现为科技史的当代主义;科技史中蕴含着一种现代社会所需要的崭新的人文精神。 相似文献
11.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
16.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
17.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
18.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
19.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
20.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):83-96
The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests. 相似文献