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1.
Sukjin Kang Lawrence C. Scharmann Taehee Noh Hanjoong Koh 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(9):1037-1058
In this study, the relationships among students’ cognitive/motivational variables, cognitive conflict, and conceptual change were investigated. Subjects were 159 seventh graders in Korea. Tests regarding logical thinking ability, field dependence/independence (FDI), meaningful learning approach, failure tolerance, mastery goal orientation, and self‐efficacy were administered to examine students’ cognitive/motivational characteristics. A preconception test and a test of responses to discrepant event were also conducted to examine the degree of students’ cognitive conflict induced by a discrepant event. Computer‐assisted instruction, designed to change an undifferentiated weight‐density concept into a scientific density concept, was then provided to students as a conceptual change intervention. A conception test was administered as a post‐test. The results indicated that FDI was the only statistically significant variable correlated with the degree of cognitive conflict. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that logical thinking ability, FDI, and failure tolerance were statistically significant predictors of the conception test scores. Educational implications are discussed. 相似文献
2.
儿童在学习科学概念的过程中常常会出现三种理解偏差倾向：概念的完全曲解、概念混淆、概念窄化或概念泛化。其影响因素与学生认知发展规律、先前知识储备、学习材料、组织方式及教学情境等有关,但最核心影响因素是日常概念与教学情境。概念卡通依据儿童认知思维发展特点,结合日常生活经验与教学内容,将日常概念与科学概念的典型变式以直观、生... 相似文献
3.
武选民 《连云港职业技术学院学报》2011,24(4):18-21
感知学习风格是指学习者在获取信息、处理信息时在视觉、听觉和动觉等方面所表现出的一种偏向认知方式。通过问卷调查的方式,分别对高职院校统招生、单招生及艺术类学生的感知学习风格进行了比较研究。结果显示：（1）统招生感知学习风格明显偏向于视觉型,而单招生和艺术类学生则明显偏向于触觉型;（2）统招生中,女生感知学习风格明显偏向于视觉型,男生明显偏向于触觉型,而艺术类男女生感知学习风格偏向与统招生正好相反,即男生明显偏向于视觉型,而女生则明显偏向于触觉型;（3）单招生男女生感知学习风格偏向不明显。 相似文献
4.
Children's Increased Emotional Egocentricity Compared to Adults Is Mediated by Age‐Related Differences in Conflict Processing 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying age‐related differences in emotional egocentricity bias (EEB) between children (aged 7–12 years, n = 30) and adults (aged 20–30 years, n = 30) using a novel paradigm of visuogustatory stimulation to induce pleasant and unpleasant emotions. Both children and adults showed an EBB, but that of children was larger. The EEB did not correlate with other measures of egocentricity. Crucially, the developmental differences in EEB were mediated by age‐related changes in conflict processing and not visual perspective taking, response inhibition, or processing speed. This indicates that different types of egocentricity develop independently of one another and that the increased ability to overcome EEB can be explained by age‐related improvements in conflict processing. 相似文献
5.
The skeletons in our closet: E‐learning tools and what happens when one side does not fit all 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In the anatomical sciences, e‐learning tools have become a critical component of teaching anatomy when physical space and cadaveric resources are limited. However, studies that use empirical evidence to compare their efficacy to visual‐kinesthetic learning modalities are scarce. The study examined how a visual‐kinesthetic experience, involving a physical skeleton, impacts learning when compared with virtual manipulation of a simple two‐dimensional (2D) e‐learning tool, A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy. Students from The University of Western Ontario, Canada (n = 77) participated in a dual‐task study to: (1) investigate if a dual‐task paradigm is an effective tool for measuring cognitive load across these different learning modalities; and (2) to assess the impact of knowledge recall and spatial ability when using them. Students were assessed using knowledge scores, Stroop task reaction times, and mental rotation test scores. Results demonstrated that the dual‐task paradigm was not an effective tool for measuring cognitive load across different learning modalities with respect to kinesthetic learning. However, our study highlighted that handing physical specimens yielded major, positive impacts on performance that a simple commercial e‐learning tool failed to deliver (P < 0.001). Furthermore, students with low spatial ability were significantly disadvantaged when they studied the bony joint and were tested on contralateral images (P = 0.046, R = 0.326). This suggests that, despite limbs being mirror images, students should be taught the anatomy of, as well as procedures on, both sides of the human body, enhancing the ability of all students, regardless of spatial ability, to take anatomical knowledge into the clinic and perform successfully. Anat Sci Educ 10: 570–588. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists. 相似文献
6.
Lorenzo Magnani 《High Ability Studies》1995,6(2):160-169
At present, computational models of scientific discovery and theory formation play a prominent role in illuminating transformations of rational conceptual systems. A new abstraction paradigm aimed at unifying the different perspectives and providing insight for future ones is proposed here. The aim is to emphasize the significance of “abduction” in order to propose a unified epistemological model of scientific discovery. This model first describes four meanings of the word abduction (creative, selective, visual, inference to the best explanation) in order to clarify their significance in epistemology and “Artificial Intelligence” (AI). Among the different abductive roles played by various kinds of conceptual transformations in developing scientific creative reasoning–such as radical ontological change, conceptual combination, analogical and visual thinking, anomaly resolution, thought experiment — visual mental imagery in thinking may be relevant to “scientific” hypothesis generation. 相似文献
7.
英汉语表示"愤怒"的隐喻概念之异同 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
黄祖江 《广东教育学院学报》2006,26(2):108-112
莱考夫和约翰逊在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中,主要探讨了隐喻概念在人的思维过程中的作用,认为它能够反映语言与人类思维、认知的关系。正是由于隐喻具有的这种共同的认知基础,人类对“愤怒”情感是通过人的生理基础、概念转化、空问概念、自然现象、动物特征等的隐喻化而产生共同的认知,并且在不同文化背景下,也显示了一定的差异性。 相似文献
8.
Previous research has suggested that handwriting letters may be an important exerciser to facilitate early letter understanding. Experimental studies to date, however, have not investigated whether this effect is general to any visual–motor experience or specific to handwriting letters. In the present work, we addressed this issue by testing letter knowledge using three measures in preschool children before and after a school-based intervention. Participants were divided into four training groups (letter-writing, digit-writing, letter-viewing, digit-viewing) that either wrote letters or digits or viewed letters or digits, twice a week for 6 weeks. We hypothesized that the visual–motor experience of handwriting letters or digits would improve letter knowledge more than viewing experience and that this effect would not be specific to training with letters. Our results demonstrated that the writing groups improved in letter recognition—one component of letter knowledge—significantly more than the viewing groups. The letter-writing group did not improve significantly more than the digit-writing group. These results suggest that visual–motor practice with any symbol could lead to increases in letter recognition. We interpret this novel finding as suggesting that any handwriting will increase letter recognition in part because it facilitates gains in visual–motor coordination. 相似文献
9.
Mansoor Niaz 《科学教学研究杂志》1995,32(9):959-970
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of teaching experiments within a dialectic-constructivist framework based on the following considerations: (a) Cognitive conflicts used in the teaching experiments must be based on problem-solving strategies that students find relatively convincing: (b) after having generated a cognitive conflict, it is essential that the students be provided with an experience that could facilitate the resolution of the conflict; and (c) the teaching strategy developed is used by an interactive constructivist approach within an intact classroom. The study was based on two sections of freshman students who had registered for Chemistry I at the Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela. One of the sections was randomly designated as the control group and the other as the experimental group. To introduce cognitive conflict, the experimental group was exposed to two teaching experiments dealing with stoichiometry problems based on the concept of limiting reagent. Students in the control group were exposed to the same problems—however, without the cognitive conflict teaching experiments format. To evaluate the effect of the teaching experiments, both groups were evaluated on five different problems at different intervals during the semester, referred to as posttests. All posttests formed part of the regular evaluation of the students. Results obtained show the advantage of the experimental group on four of the posttests. It is concluded that the experimental treatment was effective in improving performance on the immediate posttests. It was observed that some students protect their core belief [see Lakatos, I. (1970). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 91–196). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press] in stoichiometry (establishing equivalent relations between different elements or compounds) by ignoring the conflicting data, just as conflicting (anomalous) data do not necessarily convince a scientist to abandon a particular theory. 相似文献
10.
B. Corbett J. Dautel J. Tomašić Humer A. Tomovska Misoska L. K. Taylor 《Child development》2023,94(6):e393-e402
Intergroup resource allocation was examined among 333 children aged 7–11 (51.9% female) within three settings of former intergroup conflict (January–June 2021). Children represented both ethno-religious minority and majority groups (Republic of North Macedonia: Albanians, Macedonians; Croatia: Serbs, Croats; Northern Ireland: Catholics, Protestants), from predominantly White and middle-class families. Ingroup bias in average resource allocation amounts was demonstrated by both minority and majority children, across settings, in the context of novel targets (historic conflict rivals). Majority children were also more likely to give equally (which maintains the status quo) than minority children. Giving equally increased with age for both minority and majority children, despite being in “zero-sum,” conflict settings. Equitable intergroup resource allocation in such settings has implications for conflict transformation. 相似文献
11.
This study seeks to assess the impact of economic factors on sexual, emotional, and physical violence on Nigerian children and adolescents aged 13–24 years. Data collected from the Nigerian Violence Against Children Survey (VACS), a national, cross-sectional household survey of females and males aged 13–24 years were used to examine sexual, emotional, and physical violence victimization. Data were collected on household economic status, e.g., flooring and roofing materials, transportation. A poverty index was developed using the Simple Poverty Scorecard™ for Nigeria to determine the impact that economic factors have on these violence measures. Children aged 13–17 years in households with high economic status (ES) were 1.81, 1.78, and 4.91 times, more likely to experience sexual, emotional, and physical violence, respectively, within the last 12 months than those in the lowest ES. Individuals aged 18–24 years in households with high ES were 1.62 and 1.41 times more likely to experience emotional and physical violence, respectively, prior to age 18 than those in the lowest ES. Individuals aged 18–24 years in households with middle or high ES were 1.65 and 1.96, respectively, times more likely to experience physical violence prior to age 18 than those in the lowest ES. Highest tertile ES was significantly associated with sexual, emotional, and physical violence among Nigerians aged 13–24 years. Further research is needed to determine the cause of increased violence amongst high ES households. Targeted interventions towards this ES class are recommended to reduce violence against children in Nigeria. 相似文献
12.
Despite inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of cognitive conflict, educators still consider it a significant instructional strategy. One of the challenges of current research is to study the conditions under which cognitive conflict is effective. This research examines the notion that cognitive conflict may have dissimilar effects for students of different academic levels. The study compares the effectiveness of teaching the control of variables thinking strategy to students of two academic levels (low vs. high) by two different teaching methods [inducing a cognitive conflict (ICC) vs. direct teaching (DT)]. One hundred twenty‐one students who learned in a heterogeneous school were divided into four experimental groups in a 2 × 2 design. Results show no main effect of teaching method but do show a significant interaction effect between level of students and teaching method. The findings show that students with high academic achievements benefited from the ICC teaching method while the DT method hindered their progress. In contrast, students with low academic achievements benefited from the DT method while the ICC teaching method hindered their progress. The interaction effect was preserved in a retention test that took place 6 months after instruction. The findings show that previous inconclusive findings regarding the effectiveness of the ICC method can be explained by its contradictory effects on students of different academic levels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 829–855, 2005 相似文献
13.
In this study, we defined and quantified the degree of cognitive conflict induced by a discrepant event from a cognitive perspective. Based on the scheme developed, we investigated the relationship between cognitive conflict and conceptual change, and the influences of students' cognitive characteristics on conflict in learning the concept of density. Subjects were 171 seventh-grade girls from two city middle schools in Korea. Tests regarding logical thinking ability, field dependence/independence, and meaningful learning approach were administered. A preconception test and a test of responses to a discrepant event were also administered. Computer-assisted instruction was then provided to students as a conceptual change intervention. A conception test was administered as a posttest. In analysing students' responses to the discrepant event, seven types of responses were identified: Rejection, reinterpretation, exclusion, uncertainty, peripheral belief change, belief decrease, and belief change. These types were then ordered into four levels. The results indicated that there existed a significant correlation between cognitive conflict and conceptual change. t-test results revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of cognitive conflict by the levels of students' logical thinking ability and field dependence/independence. Meaningful learning approach, however, was found to have no statistically significant effect on cognitive conflict. Educational implications are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Eduardo A. Castro† Francisco M. Fernández† 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(4):441-447
Post‐formal operations as a stage of cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operations state are discussed. It is argued that thinking abilities are of major importance for an adequate understanding of quantum‐mechanical and relativistic issues as they occur in modern science, especially physics. Some pedagogical consequences of the ‘fifth stage’ of cognitive development are discussed and proposals made about how post‐operational thinking abilities might be developed in students. 相似文献
15.
小学儿童隐喻理解特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
上世纪80年代,美国语言学家G.Lakoff和M.Johnson第一次从认知心理学角度提出了隐喻概念,认为隐喻是一种思维方式,是人对客观世界的一种认知形式,从此引起了心理学的广泛关注。感知觉、思维、想象通过隐喻有效地反映客观世界,儿童隐喻理解发展的研究对儿童认知规律的了解、认知思维的培养等方面有所裨益。研究发现,受知识经验和智力发展水平的影响,儿童的隐喻理解发展有其自身的特点:(1)儿童隐喻理解具有表面性,他们理解隐喻只停留在理解隐喻表面义水平,很难准确理解隐喻的隐喻义。(2)儿童的隐喻理解发展与思维水平发展相适应,隐喻理解具有阶段性。(3)儿童的隐喻理解具有不稳定性,经常发生同一隐喻在一种环境下的理解和另一环境下的理解不一致的现象。(4)儿童的隐喻理解具有经验性,他们调动和利用所有的知识经验,来确定隐喻的意义所在。 相似文献
16.
罗志文 《当代教育理论与实践》2020,(1):35-41
着眼于物理学科核心素养的培育视角,针对中学物理"力的分解",教师应精心组织教学内容,优化教学设计,根据学生的认知特点和心理体验创设生活化的实验情境,融合真实情境问题,促使学生合作探究、深度学习,通过实验和理论探究,引导学生多角度思考,增强基于证据进行科学推理、科学论证的意识,让学生经历力的分解概念的建立和分解规律的发现过程,形成物理观念,培养学生实际应用能力,发展科学思维,提升核心素养。 相似文献
17.
Anne B Smith 《International Journal of Early Years Education》1993,1(1):47-62
This paper argues that there is no meaningful distinction between care and education for young children so that the early childhood field should be renamed early childhood educare. The predominant theoretical framework for early childhood philosophy and curriculum has been Piaget's theory. Piaget's theory describes development as determining current cognitive competence and influencing what children are capable of learning. Children are seen as natural scientists who investigate the world and thereby broaden their understanding. Teachers are expected to stand back and provide resources for children's autonomous learning but not to interfere with it. The paper argues that Vygotsky's theory as applied to the responsive social contexts provided in early childhood educare should be given more consideration because it gives more attention to the importance of the social and cultural context on children's thinking than Piaget. Vygotsky saw learning as driving development and the development of thinking as a shared process rather than an individual one. Children are capable of far more competent performance when they have assistance from adults in their zone of proximal development so adults take a reactive and participatory role. The paper discusses the role of language, the internalisation of interpersonal processes, the importance of intersubjectivity, the need for scaffolding in the zone of proximal development, and the role of both adult and peer tutors according to the author's interpretation of Vygotsky's theory. 相似文献
18.
Research suggests that conventional teaching techniques have proved largely ineffective for dealing with the problem of science students’ misconceptions or alternative frameworks. This paper reports an investigation whereby inter‐personal conflict within dyadic interactions is used as a strategy for promoting development towards correct scientific conceptions in specific areas of electrical circuits and mechanics amongst first‐year tertiary physics students. The data indicate that a large number of physics students at the tertiary level hold non‐scientific conceptions of these physical phenomena. The dyadic interaction strategy proved effective as a means of encouraging students to actively and closely consider their own thinking about basic physical concepts. Further, results highlight the importance of inter‐personal conflict in the process of conceptual change. 相似文献
19.
建构主义理论运用于科学教学的15条原则 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
随着建构主义理论在科学教育领域中的运用与逐渐流行,一种基于建构主义的新的科学教学模式正在兴起。这种教学模式要求在科学教学中,应把科学知识的学习看作是学生主动建构知识的过程;应把科学探究作为学生建构科学知识的最重要的学习方式;应充分发挥学生在学习中的自主性,视学生为科学知识的主动建构者;承认学生的原有知识经验在学习中的重要性,了解并正确处理学生的前概念;运用概念转变策略,帮助学生实现概念转变;引发学生的认知冲突,激起学生科学探究的欲望;发挥教师的指导作用,为学生的知识建构提供支持条件;提供真实的情境,让学生获得经验,在情境中建构知识的理解;鼓励学生发问,提出开放性问题,让学生在问题解决中建构知识;开展多种形式的对话,在对话中建构知识;鼓励学生合作与交流,为知识的社会建构提供机会;鼓励学生反省,学会自主监控学习过程;重视学习方法指导,为学生知识建构提供认知工具与策略;提供学习资源,让学生参与寻找用于解决问题的信息;采用形成性评价,强调学生在学习过程中的表现。 相似文献
20.
Constance Kamii 《Interchange》1970,1(1):33-39
The present paper draws pedagogical implications from Piaget's theory in the light of Bereiter's critical response to Kohlberg's view against specific instruction. It argues that instruction can be more specific in some ways than Kohlberg suggested, e.g., in the teaching of social knowledge and in the structuring of cognitive processes that will eventually result in logical thinking. It shows the relevance of Piaget's theory to early childhood education and argues that specific instruction should take place within a developmental context and within the framework of a broad theory of knowledge. 相似文献