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科学通常由四个部分组成,科学事实;用猜测的原因对科学事实进行解释;推演出相应的定律、公式、预言等;对这些定律、公式、预言等进行严格检验.无论从理论上还是从实际情况看,运用观察或实验方法对科学进行严格检验都涉及到非常复杂的认识论问题.这些问题包括:经验事实并没有完全的客观性;相同的经验事实可以证明不同的科学假说;观察或实验本身是可错的;"后件为真(假),前件亦为真(假)"的科学检验原则无逻辑依据.因此在自然科学领域,科学检验是一个非常复杂的问题. 相似文献
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Arguments for public involvement in science and technology are often based on ideas of developing a more capable public and the assumed effects this may have for science. However, such a relationship is yet to be sufficiently explored and recent work indicates that a more involved public may have counterintuitive effects. Using nationally representative survey data for the U.K. and Northern Ireland, the effects of the public's own beliefs about involvement are explored. Developing the concept of "belief in public efficacy," findings suggest those who believe that the public might be able to affect the course of decision making have less approving attitudes towards future applications of genetic science; however, an individual's political efficacy does not significantly influence these attitudes. Furthermore, political efficacy and belief in public efficacy have some distinct and opposing relationships with the principles of governance people prefer. Overall, findings provide support for suggestions that it is simplistic to consider increasing public involvement as a way of increasing the approval of risky new technologies. 相似文献
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20世纪后半叶,科学与社会秩序的共生现象凸显,即人类实践生产事实、重塑自然的过程与形成社会秩序和规范的过程紧密交织。共生过程中科学知识与社会秩序如何确立彼此？共生通过哪几个方面而实现？共生受到哪些文化与社会因素的影响？自20世纪70年代起,学者们先后从构成性共生、互动性共生来研究,贾萨诺夫又明确提出共生理论和秩序工具以及公民认识论、社会技术意象和法治主义等概念,加以解释。近十年间,共生理论逐步成型,成为新兴交叉学科科学技术论（Science & Technology Studies）的核心理论,为分析知识社会和知识政治提供了理论框架。目前,该理论有待更广泛的经验性比较研究来加以完善。 相似文献
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Wei Keat Benny Ng Rianne Appel-Meulenbroek Myriam Cloodt Theo Arentze 《Research Policy》2019,48(3):719-732
Although science parks are established globally for decades as an innovation policy instrument to foster growth and networking, there is limited attention given towards research into possible types within these real estate objects. Prior attempts in categorising science parks are characterised by the limited number of cases and/or variables. Science parks are believed to enhance innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic value for firms and regions. Past academic research showed mixed results on these performances and it is reasoned that distinct types within science parks exist that might explain these unclear results. We argue that before we can grasp what science parks can do, we should know what they are. Therefore, a survey on science park characteristics was completed by 82 science park managers in Europe. A cluster analysis was conducted which grouped the 82 participating science parks in three types; ‘research’, ‘cooperative’, and ‘incubator’ locations. Next, differences and similarities of these three types within science parks in Europe were analysed as a basis for advancing the academic debate. The types provide further understanding of science parks and offer researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers a means to compare, market, and benchmark science parks more adequately. 相似文献
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作为国家4A级景区,广西科技馆在立足公益和科普教育的基础上,也承担着拉动区域旅游吸引力的责任,这对其可持续发展的能力提出了很高的要求。为了在传播知识的同时,给观众美的享受,广西科技馆尝试将各种艺术形式融入科普展教工作中。科技辅导员参与的展品讲解、科普实验和科普剧中,有魔术表演、剪纸手工、童话故事、知识竞赛、化妆剧、布偶剧、话剧和歌舞剧等形式,任何一种形式都考虑到了和观众的互动。 相似文献
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Nicholas R. Maradin III 《Ethics and Information Technology》2013,15(2):77-86
In 2009, the United States Air Force aired a series of science fiction-themed recruitment commercials on network television and their official YouTube channel. In these advertisements, the superimposition of science fiction imagery over depictions of Air Force operations frames these missions as near-future sci-fi adventure, ironically summarized by the tagline: “It’s not science fiction. It’s what we do every day.” Focusing on an early advertisement for the Air Force’s Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle, this essay explores how themes essential to the science fiction genre play a role in influencing contemporary attitudes about autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic weapons, as well as the way in which the aesthetic and functional qualities of these advanced technologies are used to frame moral arguments about their use. As a reconfiguration of the near-future battleground in the guise of science fiction, the “Reaper” ad reveals the way in which science fiction has come to serve as a functional-aesthetic benchmark and cultural sounding board, against which “every day” technologies can be measured and claims about their value, ethos, and social appeal are made. This essay explores the ethical entanglements between science fiction film and video games, and military technology, and the complex role science fiction plays in influencing public attitudes towards military technologies. 相似文献
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通过文献梳理、生活体验和理性思辨,发现AI异化、伪知识泛滥和全民娱乐已经对人心之善和文明传承造成了深度危害,对此,只有理性认清AI和知识的双刃剑属性,建构至善精神信仰、再造科技哲学、完善人化科技的法律法规,才能有效化解人为危机。 相似文献
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Meghna Sabharwal 《Research Policy》2011,40(6):853-863
The latest figures published by the Science and Engineering Indicators report reveals that in 2003, 33% of faculty in science and engineering departments at research universities were foreign-born, a number that has more than doubled in thirty years. Foreign-born faculty members comprise an important part of the scientific enterprise that has been understudied. The purpose of this study is to examine the job satisfaction patterns of scientists and engineers by status of birth using a very large and comprehensive National Science Foundation (NSF) dataset, the Survey of Doctoral Recipients (SDR). The results of the study indicate that foreign-born scientists and engineers are less satisfied in several areas of their work life as compared to their US-born peers. 相似文献
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Joanne Gaudet 《普罗米修斯》2013,31(3):169-187
The main goal of this paper is to propose a dynamic mapping for knowledge and ignorance mobilization in science research and innovation. An underlying argument is that ‘knowledge mobilization’ science policy agendas in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom fail to capture a critical element of science and innovation: ignorance mobilization. The latter draws attention to dynamics upstream of knowledge in science research and innovation. Although perhaps less visible, there is ample evidence that researchers value, actively produce, and thereby mobilize ignorance. For example, scientists and policymakers routinely mobilize knowledge gaps (cf. ignorance) in the process of establishing and securing research funding to argue the relevance of a scientific paper or a presentation, and to launch new research projects. Ignorance here is non-pejorative and by and large points to the borders and the limits of scientific knowing – what is known to be unknown. In addition, processes leading to the intentional or unintentional consideration or bracketing out of what is known to be unknown are intertwined with, yet remain distinct from, knowledge mobilization dynamics. The concepts of knowledge mobilization and of ignorance mobilization, respectively, are understood to be the use of knowledge or ignorance towards the achievement of goals. The value of this paper lies in its conceptualization of the mobilization of knowledge as related to the mobilization of ignorance within a complex, dynamic and symbiotic relationship in science research and innovation: it takes two to tango. 相似文献
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现代科学整体与科学学——也谈真科学、科学究竟是什么 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过着重对科学的科学的“真正认识”的讨论,既回答了何谓真科学、科学究竟是什么? 又反证了科学统一体的总体构成。 相似文献
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Buhs JB 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2002,93(3):377-400
This essay uses an approach borrowed from environmental history to investigate the interaction of science and nature in a late twentieth-century controversy. This debate, over the proper response to fire ants that had been imported into the American South accidentally and then spread across the region, pitted Rachel Carson and loosely federated groups of conservationists, scientists, and citizens against the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The analysis falls into three sections: an examination of the natural history of the ants; an examination of the views of the competing factions; and an examination of how those views, transformed into action, affected the natural world. Both sides saw the ants in terms of a constellation of beliefs about the relationship between nature, science, and democracy. As various ideas were put into play, they interacted with the natural history of the insects in unexpected ways--and with consequences for the cultural authority of the antagonists. Combining insights from the history of science and environmental history helps explain how scientists gain and lose cultural authority and, more fundamentally, allows for an examination of how nature can be integrated into the history of science. 相似文献
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现代科学技术生产方式的新特点和公共治理理念的新变革要求改变传统的以“统治”为核心的科学宏观管理模式,走向以“治理”为核心的新管理模式。在科学治理中,科学共同体作为谋求特定利益的科学家组成的社会团体,具有组织性、地方性、民间性、科学性等特征,是科学治理的重要参加者和学术权威,在科学评价、决策咨询、科学传播等领域发挥着更加重要的作用。 相似文献
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科学传播中公众参与科学的民主模型是通过政治想象翻译成协商民主来实现的。过去二十年中,虽然公众参与科学无论在理论还是实践上都取得了巨大成就,但也面临着与公共政策中决策科学化与民主化相同的两难困境,使公众参与科学流于表面。这一困境产生的原因在于缺乏自我反省的体制化科学异化公众,进而导致在协商过程中科学家与公众政治地位不平等。实际上,科学家与公众拥有不同类型的知识,关注科学风险的不同维度。通过知识的劳动分工,公众负责决定目标,科学家负责实现目标,可以走向真正有效的公众参与科学。 相似文献
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科技馆是知识的中心,也是知识的传播者。展览教育工作是为公众提供科普服务最基本的形式,宗旨是为传播知识推动思想文化的交流,但在日常实际工作中还凸显出一些问题。 相似文献
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Kelly SE 《Science, technology & human values》2003,28(3):339-364
Public bioethics bodies are used internationally as institutions with the declared aims of facilitating societal debate and providing policy advice in certain areas of scientific inquiry raising questions of values and legitimate science. In the United States, bioethical experts in these institutions use the language of consensus building to justify and define the outcome of the enterprise. However, the implications of public bioethics at science-policy boundaries are underexamined. Political interest in such bodies continues while their influence on societal consensus, public debate, and science policy remains ambiguous. This article presents a theoretical discussion of public bioethics bodies as boundary organizations and examines them in terms of relationship to the moral and cognitive authority of science and other forms of expertise, mechanisms for public participation in controversial science policy, and the deployment of consensus models. The theoretical discussion is examined in the case of the U.S. Human Embryo Research Panel. 相似文献
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Public bioethics and publics: consensus, boundaries, and participation in biomedical science policy.
Susan E Kelly 《Science, technology & human values》2003,28(2):339-364
Public bioethics bodies are used internationally as institutions with the declared aims of facilitating societal debate and providing policy advice in certain areas of scientific inquiry raising questions of values and legitimate science. In the United States, bioethical experts in these institutions use the language of consensus building to justify and define the outcome of the enterprise. However, the implications of public bioethics at science-policy boundaries are underexamined. Political interest in such bodies continues while their influence on societal consensus, public debate, and science policy remains ambiguous. This article presents a theoretical discussion of public bioethics bodies as boundary organizations and examines them in terms of relationship to the moral and cognitive authority of science and other forms of expertise, mechanisms for public participation in controversial science policy, and the deployment of consensus models. The theoretical discussion is examined in the case of the U.S. Human Embryo Research Panel. 相似文献
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Shermer MB 《Social studies of science》2002,32(4):489-524
Science historian Ronald Numbers once remarked that the two most influential historians of science of the 20th century were Thomas Kuhn and Stephen Jay Gould. All historians are deeply familiar with Kuhn's work and influence, and most know of the remarkable impact Gould has had on evolutionary theory through both his professional and popular works. But little attention has been paid to the depth, scope, and importance of Gould's r?le as historian and philosopher of science, and his use of popular science exposition to reinforce old knowledge and generate new. This paper presents the results of an extensive quantitative content analysis of Gould's 22 books, 101 book reviews, 479 scientific papers, and 300 Natural History essays, in terms of their subject matter (Evolutionary Theory, History and Philosophy of Science, Natural History, Paleontology/Geology, Social Science/Commentary), and thematic dichotomies (Theory-Data, Time's Arrow-Time's Cycle, Adaptationism- Nonadaptationalism, Punctuationism-Gradualism, Contingency-Necessity). Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between the subjects and themata, how Gould has used the history of science to reinforce his evolutionary theory (and vice versa), and how his philosophy of science has influenced both his evolutionary theory and his historiography. That philosophy can best be summed up in a quotation from Charles Darwin, frequently cited by Gould: 'All observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service'. Gould followed Darwin's advice throughout his career, including his extensive writings on the history and philosophy of science. 相似文献
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