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1.
R＆D项目选择模型和终止模型的比较 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ｒ＆Ｄ项目的选择与终止是Ｒ＆Ｄ管理中的两个重要问题,文章首先分别给出了Ｒ＆Ｄ项目选择模型和终止模型,然后对这两种模型进行了比较,分析了它们的实质性区别。 相似文献
2.
研究与开发项目评估活动的模式 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
本文在对国内外Ｒ＆Ｄ项目评估活动进行分析的基础上，探讨了Ｒ＆Ｄ项目评估的功能，提出了Ｒ＆Ｄ项目评估的分类模型，在与科学共同体内部评价模式对比的基础上提出了Ｒ＆Ｄ项目评估活动的一般模式，并论述了项目评估在科技管理中的作用。 相似文献
3.
跨国公司全球化R＆D的组织模式选择及发展趋势 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
R＆D全球化的迅猛发展，给跨国公司的R＆D组织管理带来了严峻的挑战。为适应R＆D全球化发展战略的需要，跨国公司的R＆D组织结构也应该发生相应的调整。本文打算对当前流行的5种R＆D组织模式进行比较，同时对影响跨国公司R＆D组织结构模式的主要因素以及跨国公司全球化R＆D组织的发展趋势作一探讨。 相似文献
4.
跨国公司在国际市场上的竞争优势,不仅在于其资金额之巨大,更重要的还在于其研究与开发（Ｒ＆Ｄ）的实力及如何进行研究与开发管理。没有这种技术上的优势和创新能力,跨国公司也就失去了从事跨国经营的重要资本。当今世界４万家跨国公司及２５万家子公司控制着全球８０... 相似文献
5.
企业R＆D投入与产出之间的非线性关系分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对Ｒ＆Ｄ投资决策模型的建立和混沌等现象的揭示，分析企业Ｒ＆Ｄ投资策略、决策者对待环境变化所作出反应的灵敏程度、消费者偏好、产品扩散和创新速度等与企业产出之间的非线性关系，说明企业Ｒ＆Ｄ投入行为与产出行为之间相互影响的复杂性，指出给予企业Ｒ＆Ｄ管理的启迪 相似文献
6.
社会主义市场经济体制的确立和完善，为我国Ｒ＆Ｄ机构的组织发育带来契机。文章运用耗散结构理论的基本观点，概要说明适应市场经济体制的Ｒ＆Ｄ机构组织发育的新模式，着重分析和论证市场机制对Ｒ＆Ｄ机构组织发育过程的影响，初步提出促进我国Ｒ＆Ｄ机构组织发育的若干对策。 相似文献
7.
日美企业Ｒ＆Ｄ特点比较东南大学韦华在企业工作的Ｒ＆Ｄ人员占全国科研工作者、工程师的比例，日本是６２．ｌ％，美国是７３．７％；企业使用的Ｒｇｎ经费占全国Ｒ＆Ｄ经费的比例，日本是６６．６％，美国是７３．０％。尽管企业使用的Ｒ＆Ｄ经费美国高于日本，但由于美... 相似文献
8.
中国制药业R＆D的规模经济 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过统计资料分析,本文发现中国制药业新产品Ｒ＆Ｄ具有显著的规模经济,即,随着企业规模增大,平均而言,每个新产品开发项目的投入更多、产出更大、而且生产率更高,因而充分利用规模经济应成为新药开发的重要组织方式;但目前Ｒ＆Ｄ资源的产业集中程度较低,大企业在Ｒ＆Ｄ项目数量、专业人员及开发资金的比重上都低于中型企业,迫切需要通过集中化与规模化途径,尽快将Ｒ＆Ｄ资源集中到大企业,以提高制药业Ｒ＆Ｄ的效率。 相似文献
9.
１概念的规范谈到科技政策，主要涉及两个概念，一是科学技术经费；一是研究与开发（即Ｒ&Ｄ）投入。这两个概念的内涵是不同的，前者指应用于科技活动的经费，后者指的是任何一种系统性的创新活动所需的全部的费用。联合国教科文组织关于Ｒ&Ｄ经费的规定是，凡是Ｒ&Ｄ的花费都计入其内，既包括日常费用也包括基建费用，其中还包括工资，即从事Ｒ&Ｄ创造性活动的人的工资也在其中。科技界更关注的是Ｒ＆Ｄ的投入，因为这反映了国家或社会对创造性的科技活动支持的大小。根据联合国教科文组织的规定，Ｒ&Ｄ包括３类科技活动，即开发研究、应用研究和基础研究。至于“基础性研究”的概念，是我国所特有的一种统计口径，是指基础研究和应用研究中 相似文献
10.
基于期权定价理论的R＆D投资决策思想 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
当今竞争激烈的市场要求企业重视Ｒ＆Ｄ投资。本文在探讨了单纯运用系统ＤＣＦ方法进行Ｒ＆Ｄ投资决策的局限性后,将Ｒ＆Ｄ投资与金融期权进行类比,提出了Ｒ＆Ｄ投资决策的期权定价方法 相似文献
11.
选择2001年初之前设立的具有独立法人资格的25家跨国公司在华R＆D机构,从投入和产出两个方面分析了跨国公司在华R＆D机构的绩效状况,发现跨国公司在华R＆D机构研发绩效比较高,基本实现了当初设立的目的,在此基础上跨国公司还加大了在华的研发投资．在分析跨国公司在华研发机构绩效状况的基础上,讨论了跨国公司在华R＆D机构存在的问题以及改进之处． 相似文献
12.
我国企业技术创新国际化战略框架和战略途径研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
20世纪九十年代以来，国外的企业，特别是跨国公司明显加快了技术创新国际化的进程，国外学术界对技术创新国际化的问题也给予了更多的关注。但是目前我国对技术创新国际化和技术创新国际化战略问题的研究很不足，我国企业对于技术创新国际化的了解不够深入，对于如何实施和开展技术创新国际化，缺乏必要的经验和指导。本文回顾了国外学者对技术创新国际化问题的研究，调查分析了我国企业技术创新国际化活动的实际情况后，提出了一个针对企业技术创新国际化的战略框架，并就我国不同规模和实力的企业，给出了如何实施技术创新国际化的四种不同的战略途径，这个技术创新国际化战略框架和四个战略途径对我国企业开展技术创新国际化活动具有指导意义。 相似文献
13.
《Research Policy》1999,28(2-3):251-274
Large multinational firms are the drivers for the globalization of R&D and innovation activities. There was a strong movement to establish a transnational configuration of R&D between 1985 and 1995. In recent years, however, R&D strategies and international location decisions have changed substantially. This paper is based on an in-depth analysis of R&D internationalization in 21 large corporations in Europe, Japan and the US. Our findings suggest that transnational corporations have tended to consolidate and streamline their organizations since the mid-1990s. Distributed R&D activities and globally-dispersed innovation processes have resulted in overly complex and unmanageable organizational architectures. This has induced firms to search for `leaner' and more effective types of managing their international portfolio of innovation activities. We learned that the spatial distribution of learning and R&D performing activities is something different than the spatial distribution of coordination and control. Many companies in our sample have adapted a strategy of multiple centers of learning with one dominant center of coordination. A framework is developed to serve as a basis for analyzing different patterns of internationalization of R&D and innovation, and for assessing the appropriate mechanisms to coordinate and control an international network of technological competence centers. 相似文献
14.
跨国公司经营环境的不断变化路变了跨国公司的研发布局,促进了跨国公司研发活动的全球化,越来越多的跨国公司开始在中国设立研发机构。本文在分析跨国公司研发全球化动因的基础上,分析了跨国公司研发全球化对我国的机遇和挑战,提出了我国应采取的对策。 相似文献
15.
国际R&D与经济全球化相关联,现已成为跨国公司寻求全球竞争优势的一个重要途径。自上世纪九十年代以来,其发展表现出了三个特点:一是明确的战略动机;二是在多样化活动前提下,突出组织学习和扩展创新的基础;三是倾向集成的R&D组织结构。本文以文献评述形式对此作了介绍,最后简介了国际R&D机构主任的配备情况。 相似文献
16.
We analyse 446 location decisions of R&D activities by multinational firms incorporated in the European Union over 1999–2006. Our results suggest that on average, the location probability of a representative R&D foreign affiliate increased with agglomeration economies from foreign R&D activities, human capital, proximity to centres of research excellence and the research and innovation capacity of the region. Further, our evidence suggests that in comparison to European multinational firms, the effects of patents intensity and proximity to centres of research excellence were stronger in the case of North American multinational firms. While government R&D expenditure intensity increased the probability of location of R&D activities by European multinational firms in the region, it did not have a significant effect on the probability of location of R&D activities by North American multinational firms. 相似文献
17.
跨国公司R&D国际化趋势及其对中国跨国公司的启示 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
随着世界经济全球化 ,跨国公司的 R &D活动出现了国际化趋势。在此 ,分析了跨国公司R&D国际化的必然性、新趋势 ,并提出如何使中国跨国公司 R&D活动国际化的建议。 相似文献
18.
Björn Ambos 《Research Policy》2005,34(4):395-410
This paper reports on the international research and development (R&D) investments of German multinational corporations (MNCs). Based on a detailed empirical survey of laboratory sites established by 49 German MNCs, we examine (i) the level and pace of R&D internationalization, (ii) the motivations and mandates of overseas R&D laboratories, as well as (iii) the strength of the laboratories’ internal and external ties. Participating firms account for about 46% of all German enterprises with international R&D activities and approximately 66% of the nation's privately funded R&D expenditures in 1999. The findings indicate that the timing and organization of German owned overseas R&D investments more closely resemble Japanese or French than US or Swedish firms. Furthermore, in line with prior studies, German MNCs increasingly invest in international R&D for resource as opposed to market-seeking motives. The paper also finds significant differences with regard to the laboratory's mission and its geographical location on one hand, and its internal and external embeddedness, on the other. 相似文献
19.
《Research Policy》1999,28(2-3):215-230
In the 1980s, Canadian industrial R&D abroad has grown substantially. In 1995, R&D expenditures by Canadian affiliates, only in the United States, represented some US$1.4 billion and employed some 6300 persons. Nearly 60 Canadian-owned and -controlled corporations conduct overseas R&D, mostly in the US, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia. Canadian corporations are performing commercial R&D abroad in order to support their manufacturing subsidiaries and to come closer to customers and markets. A secondary motivation is to hire skilled personnel, monitor foreign technological development and increase the inflow of new ideas into the corporation. They also chose friendly socio-political environments from a regulatory point of view. Technology transfer and adaptation to local markets is also an important mission of the foreign R&D establishment. Foreign R&D activities of Canadian firms are fairly decentralized and autonomous. Most of the foreign subsidiaries undertook R&D abroad before they were acquired by the Canadian corporation; also the number of Canadian managers was reduced and the R&D projects were usually decided in the affiliate. Three main types of expatriate R&D were found: a majority of the subsidiaries were producing goods in the same or related industries as in Canada (such as machines, transportation equipment or housing equipment). A second group of firms were vertically integrated firms, that conducted process research in Canada and advanced materials and final products research abroad, closer to the markets for this type of goods; they were active in the chemical and metal industries. Only one truly global corporation was found, with an international division of labor among its many foreign laboratories. The degree of autonomy varied across the three types of expatriate R&D units. In the last 10 years, the internationalization of industrial research and development has increased very rapidly. Foreign-affiliated corporations operating in the United States represented some 9.3% of all company-funded R&D in that country in 1987, and close to 18% in 1995 (Dalton and Serapio, in this issue). Similarly, foreign R&D expenditures by US-affiliated companies abroad have more than tripled. Canadian industrial R&D abroad has grown at a similar pace. It now includes over 100 research facilities owned by some 60 Canadian corporations, with subsidiaries in the United States, western Europe, Japan, Australia, and several developing countries (China, Brazil, India, Mexico, and Turkey). However, little is known about the characteristics of this foreign R&D: missions, managerial practices, budgets or innovative activity. This study is the first to present original data from a survey of these facilities, complemented by secondary material from annual reports and the financial and technical press. It follows a previous study of Canadian patents abroad, which concluded that diversification into related activities was the overseas strategy of Canadian multinational corporations (MNCs) with foreign R&D activities [Niosi, J., 1997. The globalization of Canadian R&D, Management International Review 37 (4) (in print).]. The first section of this paper presents (1) a short summary of some relevant literature on the management of foreign R&D, (2) the design of the study, (3) the results, and (4) a comparison of theories with Canadian data. It offers conclusions about the existence of three distinctive types of internationalization in Canadian R&D, each with different strategies and outcomes. 相似文献
20.
随着宏观环境和微观环境的变迁,当代跨国公司R＆D投资战略正在发生重大调整,其主要特点包括:R＆D活动逐渐由母国向他国转移;广泛建立R＆D战略联盟;实施跨国并购,提高R＆D能力;注重R＆D储存和技术提升,讲究技术转让与保护策略。 相似文献