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1.
PWC_（170）对评价少年儿童有氧工作能力的有效性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
身体工作能力实验，即心率在１７０次／分时的身体工作负荷水平，已被广泛用作评价运动员最大摄氧量的指标。但身体工作能力实验（ＰＷＣ１７０）在评价少年儿童最大摄氧量方面的精确度还一直未被充分定值。本研究让３５个少年儿童（１８个男性，１７个女性，平均年龄分别为１０．５岁和９．９岁）进行了功率自行车上的最大负荷实验，以此来评价最大摄氧量（ＶＯ２ｍａｘ）和ＰＷＣ１７０之间的关系。测量结果以绝对数值表示时，两者相关较强（相关系数分别为０．７１和０．７０，前者为女性的）。但当测量结果以每公斤体重（即相对数值）来表示时，ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＰＷＣ１７０的相关强度大大下降（女性和男性少年的相关系数分别为０．６５和０．４８）．由ＶＯ２ｍａｘ对ＰＷＣ１７０的回归方程算出的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ数值与实际测得的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ值相比，平均误差女性为３．４ｍｌ／ｋｇ·ｍｉｎ，男性为２．８ｍｌ／ｋｇ·ｍｉｎ。这些结果表明：由ＰＷＣ１７０推算ＶＯ２ｍａｘ来评价有氧能力基本上是可靠的，但由于变化范围太广，在同一标准差下误差可达１０－１５％，因此ＰＷＣ１７０只能用作对ＶＯ２ｍａｘ的粗略估计，不能用来准确评价少年儿童的最大有氧工作水平，特别是在运动员选材过程中。  相似文献   

2.
从生理学 角度看,运动中适 宜的生理负荷是 提高人体机能能 力、有效地增强人 的体质的重要条 件。对一般人来 说,用心率控制生 理负荷是切实可 行的方法,但对适宜的心率标准目前尚无统一认识,这与人们对于运动过程中心率和心搏量及心输出量变化关系方面的研究尚不充分有很大关系。对运动过程中心率、心搏量、心输出量变化规律及其相互之间的关系,国内外曾有过研究,但由于研究者采用的研究手段、方法、对象不同,所得结果也不一致,为此,我们采用超声心动图法测定了普通青年大学生在静息及连续运动过程中的心率、心搏量、心输出量,以期进一步探讨三者间的变化关系,为运动生理学研究及以心率为标准的适宜生理负荷标准的确定提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
对少年吸氧量变化规律的实验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
最大吸氧量是长期以来体育界用来作为青少年运动员的选材及运动能力评价的重要生理指标之一。近年来,各国体育科研人员已注意到,以经典的VO（2max）和VO（2／kg）来衡量处于生长发育期的少年有氧耐力难以准确进行评价。本文对45名少年优秀游泳运动员及157名体校运动员进行了心肺功能及VO（2max）的测定,证实以个体体表面积（BAS）为参照的VO（2max）相对值（VO（2／BAS））较之以体重为基准的VO（2max）（VO（2／kg））相对值与运动成绩的关系更具相关性。因此,提出了采用VO（2／BAS）的基准的VO（2max）相对值能更为准确地反映少儿有氧运动能力的观点。  相似文献   

4.
我们对参加第三届全运会的中长跑(男、女),马拉松,自行车(男、女)运动员83人,用阻抗容积描记法,间接地测定了安静(坐位)和固定自行车工作后即刻的心率和心搏量,并计算出每分钟的心输出量和单位体重的心输出量(见表1)。一、同一运动项目不同组别之间的比较从表1中看出:中长跑男子甲组(成年组)在准备活动、最大负荷后即刻的心搏量、心输出量均明显地大于中长跑男子乙(青少年)组;也明显地大于中长跑女子甲、乙两组(P<0.01),中长跑两女子组间在相同条件下各指标的变化无明显差异。马拉松两组,在相同条件下,各指标之间均无明显差异。自行车男子赛车与公路自行车两组,在相同的机能状态下各指标间,没有明显的差别。在准备活动与最大负荷后即刻的心搏量与心输出量及最大负荷后的单位体重心输出量,男子两组均较明显地大于女子组(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

5.
作者论证了最大吸氧量间接测算全新通用议程组男VO2m,Ka;女,VO2mKa.式中：P,运动强度,单位,瓦;f,运动心率,次／分;n＝0.16－0．21,人机效率;Ka＝1．25~0．01A,A,年龄系数。在A＝25、P＝50~200瓦、f＝120~170次／分之间,方程组VO2m测算范围（1．6~6．0）升／分,包括体力弱者及世界级马拉松运动员,与奥斯特兰德实测数序表偏差不大于3％。  相似文献   

6.
以连续递增负荷的踏车运动，测定了34名少年速度滑冰运动员在不同工作负荷时的通气量、吸氧量、心率、最大吸氧量、无氧阈、氧脉搏曲线和呼吸当量曲线，确定了最大氧脉搏和最佳呼吸效率点及生理参数。探讨了最大氧脉搏、无氧阈、最佳呼吸效率点在运动训练中的作用。为少年速滑运动员的训练工作提供科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
一、最佳运动量 最佳运动量是指有机体承受运动刺激时的心率在120～180次/分。 现代体育锻炼方法对体育锻炼的标准价值阈研究证明,体育锻炼的最佳时机是在有机体处于最大摄氧量和最大心搏量的时侯。这时有机体的各组织器官都能获得最充足  相似文献   

8.
少年中长跑运动员最佳呼吸效率点及对应参数的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
李伟 《体育科学》2000,20(5):60-62
以连续递增负荷的踏车运动,测定了34名少年中长跑运动员在不同工作负荷时的通气量、吸氧量、心率、最大吸氧量、呼吸当量曲线,确定了最佳呼吸效率点及生理参数,从理论上探讨了最佳呼吸效率点在运动训练中的作用,为少年中长跑运动员的训练工作提供科学依据。  相似文献   

9.
法国学者对高水平运动员和田径跑步专项的少年运动员及新手的心率、最大吸氧量和跑步速度指标进行了分析于比,以确定青年运动员的运动负荷量。考察结果察得出以下结论:无论是高水平动运员,还是少乍运动员或新手,其跑步速度、最大吸氧量和心率指标均呈直线上升趋势,其比例却不一样。在青年运动员和高水平运动员心率指标同样增加的情况下,青年运动员的速度和最大吸氧量的指标增加更为明显。换句话说,当速度不太快时,少年运  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨急性运动对血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）的影响以及它们在运动后蛋白尿生成机制中的作用。本文观察了大鼠大强度间歇负重游泳运动后ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ浓度的变化及尿总蛋白（ＴＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬｂ）β２微球蛋白（β＿２－ｍＧ）排泄率变化。结果发现：①急性运动可导致ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１），运动后尿ＴＰ、ＡＬｂ、β＿２－ｍＧ排泄率也有明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）。②ＰＲＡ－ＡⅡ与尿ＡＬｂ之间存在明显的相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示肾素－血管紧张素系统参与了运动后蛋白尿的生成过程。  相似文献   

11.
儿童最大有氧活动能力的追踪研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
报告了60名10～15岁儿童(31名男童,29名女童)最大有氧活动能力的追踪研究结果。应用Jaeger LE/6型步行机运动,使用Jaeger自动气体分析仪作气体分析,发现男女童的VO_2max、VO_2max/Ht、VO_2max/Ht~2及VO_2max/HR均随年龄增长而增加,VO_2max/Wt及VO_2max/LBM均未随年龄而增长的规律。男童VO_2max绝对值及各项相对值均明显高于女童。以生活年龄为基础的VO_2max年增长值,男童呈随年龄增长而增加的趋势,女童除13～14岁外,呈随年龄增长而减少的趋势;VO_2max/Wt年增长值男女童在年龄组间均未见到规律性的变化。以身高突增高峰年龄(PHA)为基础的VO_2max,男童从PHA-2到PHS 2持续增加,女童从PHA-1到PHA 1呈下降趋势,以后略有上升;VO_2max/Wt年增长值,男童在PHA前为负值,以后为正值并逐渐增加,女童无规律性变化。以生活年龄或以身高突增高峰年龄为基础的最大吸氧量年增长值的个体差异都很大。  相似文献   

12.
此研究对象由24名11~12岁青春期前的儿童组成,其目的是为了探讨一个为期10W的有氧训练计划对青春期前儿童有氧能力的影响,尤其是对不同性别儿童的最大吸氧量(VO2max)的影响。训练组经过10W的有氧训练后,VO2max得到了明显的增加,这种增加在女童中更为明显。VO2max增加的比例和初始VO2max(ml.min-1.kg-1)水平之间存在显著相关。研究结果显示,青春期前的儿童经过一段时间的有氧训练后,VO2max能得到增加,如果考虑到初始有氧能力水平,那么男女孩VO2max的增加将不存在显著差异。  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

We investigated cardiovascular fitness and haemodynamic responses to maximal cycle ergometer exercise test in children. The participants were a population sample of 425 children (204 girls, 221 boys) aged 6–8 years. Heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured from the beginning of pre-exercise rest to the end of recovery period. We provided reference values for peak workload and changes in HR and SBP during and after maximal exercise test in girls and boys. Girls had a lower cardiovascular fitness, indicated by peak workload per body weight [mean (2 s) 2.7 (0.9) vs. 3.1 (1.0) W · kg–1, P < 0.001] and lean mass [mean (2 s) 3.5 (0.9) vs. 3.8 (1.0) W· kg–1, P < 0.001] than boys. Plateau or decline in SBP close to the end of the test was found in about third of children and was considered a normal SBP response. Girls had a slower HR decrease within 2 min after the test than boys [mean (2 s) 53 (18) vs. 59 (22) beats · min–1, P < 0.001]. The results are useful for physicians and exercise physiologists to evaluate cardiovascular fitness and haemodynamic responses to exercise in children and to detect children with low exercise tolerance or abnormal haemodynamic responses to exercise.  相似文献   

14.
Maximal oxygen uptake VO(2max)) is considered the optimal method to assess aerobic fitness. The measurement of VO(2max), however, requires special equipment and training. Maximal exercise testing with determination of maximal power output offers a more simple approach. This study explores the relationship between [Vdot]O(2max) and maximal power output in 247 children (139 boys and 108 girls) aged 7.9-11.1 years. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal ergometer exercise test with an initial workload of 30 W and 15 W x min(-1) increments. Maximal power output was also measured. A sample (n = 124) was used to calculate reference equations, which were then validated using another sample (n = 123). The linear reference equation for both sexes combined was: VO(2max) (ml x min(-1)) = 96 + 10.6 x maximal power + 3.5 . body mass. Using this reference equation, estimated VO(2max) per unit of body mass (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) calculated from maximal power correlated closely with the direct measurement of VO(2max) (r = 0.91, P <0.001). Bland-Altman analysis gave a mean limits of agreement of 0.2+/-2.9 (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) (1 s). Our results suggest that maximal power output serves as a good surrogate measurement for VO(2max) in population studies of children aged 8-11 years.  相似文献   

15.
Acute exercise reduces postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in boys and girls; however, it is not known whether between-sex differences exist in response to exercise. Fifteen boys (mean(SD): 11.8(0.4) years) and sixteen girls (12.1(0.7) years) completed two, 2-day conditions. On day 1, participants rested (CON) or completed 10 × 1 min high-intensity interval runs at 100% maximal aerobic speed with 1 min recovery (HIIR). On day 2, participants consumed a standardised breakfast and lunch over a 6.5-h period during which seven capillary blood samples were collected. Based on ratios of the geometric means (95% CI for ratios), fasting [TAG] was 32% lower in boys than girls (?44 to ?18%, ES = 1.31, P < 0.001), and 12% lower after HIIR than CON (?18 to ?5%, ES = 0.42, P = 0.003); the magnitude of reduction was not significantly different between the sexes (8% (ES = 0.36) vs. 15% (ES = 0.47), respectively; P = 0.29). The total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was 27% lower in boys than girls (?40 to ?10%, ES = 1.02, P = 0.005), and 10% lower after HIIR than CON (?16 to ?5%, ES = 0.36, P = 0.001); the magnitude of reduction was similar between the sexes (11% (ES = 0.43) vs. 10% (ES = 0.31), respectively; P = 0.87). The small-moderate reduction in postprandial [TAG] after HIIR was similar between the sexes.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to examine the maturation responses of young people to submaximal treadmill exercise. Body mass was controlled using both the conventional ratio standard and allometric modelling. Ninety-seven boys and 97 girls with a mean age of 12.2 years completed a discontinuous, incremental exercise test to voluntary exhaustion. We measured peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and VO2 when running at 8, 9 and 10 km x h(-1). Sexual maturation was assessed visually using Tanner's indices of pubic hair. Peak VO2 was significantly higher in boys (P<0.001); this was still the case when the influence of body mass was covaried out. During submaximal exercise, no significant differences in absolute VO2 were observed between the sexes (P>0.05); however, values of VO2, expressed both in ratio with body mass and adjusted for body mass using allometry, were significantly greater in boys than in girls (P<0.001). For absolute VO2, significant main effects (P<0.05) were seen for maturity at each exercise stage. With the influence of body mass controlled using either the ratio standard or allometry, no significant main effects (P>0.05) for maturity were observed. Our results indicate that boys are less economical than girls while running at 8-10 km x h(-1) and that, independently of body mass, maturation does not influence the VO2 response to submaximal exercise.  相似文献   

17.

We used data from the American Time Use Survey (years 2003–06) to analyze whether the intensity and duration of high school students' (ages 15–18 years) sports and exercise bouts differed across physical and social environments. Boys' sports and exercise bouts were more likely to reach a vigorous intensity when taking place at school and with friends/acquaintances/other people; whereas girls' sports and exercise bouts were more likely to reach a vigorous intensity when outdoors and alone. For boys and girls, bout durations were greater at school and with friends/acquaintances/other people than in other environments. Overall, environmental influences on the intensity but not duration of sports and exercise bouts appear to differ between boys and girls.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) kinetics for submaximum exercise were compared in prepubescent boys (mean age ± SD = 10.2 ± 1.28 years, N = 21) and adult men (30.0 ± 5.64 years, N = 21). Standard open circuit spirometric techniques were used to determine VO2 and a bipolar ECG was used to measure HR. The kinetics of VO2 and HR were determined for each subject using graphic procedures. Subjects performed submaximum exercise on the bicycle ergometer at an intensity of 42 ± 1.3% (mean ± SE) of VO2 max for the children and 39 ± 0.7% of VO2 max for the adults (p = .07). There were no group differences in VO2 t1/2 (children t1/2 = 18.5 ± 0.75 secs and adults t1/2 = 17.4 ± 0.39 secs, p = .18) and HR t1/2 (children t1/2 = 11.4 ± 1.86 secs and adults t1/2 = 13.6 ± 1.66 secs, p = .38). These data suggest that children and adults do not differ in cardiorespiratory adjustments during low intensity exercise. This is in contrast to suggestions of other investigators that children have a faster cardiovascular adjustment to exercise.  相似文献   

19.
郭强 《浙江体育科学》2012,34(4):76-80,111
采用问卷调查法和访谈法,对当前大学生的锻炼行为和锻炼消费特征进行了调查。结果发现:①在锻炼行为方面,男生每周锻炼1～2次的人数比例最高,占33.3%;女生偶尔参加锻炼的人数比例最高,为36.1%。45.0%的男生每次锻炼时间在31～60min;55.5%的女生每次锻炼时间在30min以内。32.4%的男生已经坚持锻炼了1～6个月;52.7%的女生坚持锻炼的时间不足1个月。以上3方面,男女生之间均存在非常显著的性别差异。②友伴锻炼和单独锻炼是大学生主要的锻炼参与方式;65.7%的男生会将大球类作为锻炼项目,49.8%的女生则喜欢跑步锻炼;选择下午课外时间锻炼的男生人数比例最高,为37.0%;选择晚上时间锻炼的女生比例最高,为27.3%;多数人选择校内室外体育场地进行锻炼,人数比例高达57.7%。③69.4%的大学生年体育消费额在100元以内;大学生的体育消费主要用于购买运动服装、小器械等物化的体育用品。④从主观总体而言,学业压力大空闲时间少、没有喜欢的锻炼项目、锻炼场所拥挤不方便、锻炼相关知识掌握少、怕累及从众心理等是大学生不良锻炼行为的主要原因。  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to objectively quantify ratings of perceived enjoyment using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale following high-intensity interval running versus moderate-intensity continuous running. Eight recreationally active men performed two running protocols consisting of high-intensity interval running (6 × 3 min at 90% VO(2max) interspersed with 6 × 3 min active recovery at 50% VO(2max) with a 7-min warm-up and cool down at 70% VO(2max)) or 50 min moderate-intensity continuous running at 70% VO(2max). Ratings of perceived enjoyment after exercise were higher (P < 0.05) following interval running compared with continuous running (88 ± 6 vs. 61 ± 12) despite higher (P < 0.05) ratings of perceived exertion (14 ± 1 vs. 13 ± 1). There was no difference (P < 0.05) in average heart rate (88 ± 3 vs. 87 ± 3% maximum heart rate), average VO(2) (71 ± 6 vs. 73 ± 4%VO(2max)), total VO(2) (162 ± 16 vs. 166 ± 27 L) or energy expenditure (811 ± 83 vs. 832 ± 136 kcal) between protocols. The greater enjoyment associated with high-intensity interval running may be relevant for improving exercise adherence, since running is a low-cost exercise intervention requiring no exercise equipment and similar relative exercise intensities have previously induced health benefits in patient populations.  相似文献   

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