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1.
The present study was designed to assess the development of the understanding of certain aspects of grapheme-phoneme correspondences in normally achieving and disabled readers. The correspondences rules were studied using both English words and pseudowords, the latter designed to contain the same features as the real words. The subjects were 76 normally achieving and 32 reading disabled children aged 6 to 14 years. The stimuli included words and pseudowords that tested the following: consonant blends, final e, r-influenced vowels, regular and irregular words, function words, and consistent and inconsistent vowels. When matched for chronological age, the reading disabled children performed significantly more poorly than normally achieving children on all of the tasks involving pseudowords. A similar pattern was found for the words with the exception of the highest frequency words (cvc, final e, consonant blends) at the oldest age level, 11–14 years. In this case, the performance of the oldest reading disabled children was similar to that of the normals on the words, but was still significantly poorer when the stimuli were pseudowords. Complexity and irregularity were significant determinants of difficulty. Comparisons were also made for groups of children matched on reading grade level. Even when the reading disabled and normally achieving children were matched on reading grade, the reading disabled children had significantly more difficulty, particularly with pseudowords. Reading disabled children had significant difficulty in abstracting the basic rules for grapheme-phoneme correspondences in English, and even when they have mastered these rules in connection with real words, they still had difficulty applying these rules to pseudowords. In normal development, the learning of these correspondences appears to be consolidated by approximately 9 years of age. However, reading disabled children appear to have a significant and persistent problem with the learning of basic grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules. 相似文献
2.
This study aimed to identify predictors of single word spelling performance in children using a novel test containing regular words, irregular words and pseudowords. We assessed reading ability, letter-sound knowledge, phonological awareness (PA) and rapid automatised naming (RAN) in children aged 4–12 years (N = 641). Mixed model analyses with hierarchical nested data were conducted with Year_group (Yr R to Yr 6) included as a factor, PA and RAN as predictors, and reading and letter-sound knowledge as covariates. For irregular word spelling, PA and RAN were significant predictors, but the associations were dependent upon the year the children attended. Interestingly, for regular words and pseudowords PA was not significantly related. For pseudowords, only RAN was a significant predictor and only in Yr 2. We argue that a better understanding of spelling development can be achieved using tools that distinguish between regular and irregular words and pseudowords, as different processes seem to be associated with the different types of letter string across the variable levels of spelling experience. 相似文献
3.
The present study investigated the involvement of lexical knowledge in pseudoword reading by Italian children aged 8–10. In
both lexical decision and reading aloud tasks, inhibitory effects were found on pseudowords derived from high-frequency words
in comparison to pseudowords derived from low-frequency words. A group of adult readers showed inhibitory effects on pseudowords
based on high-frequency words only in lexical decision. The inhibitory effects were interpreted as due to interference on
pseudoword processing caused by lexical activation of a high-frequency base-word. The results support the view that lexical
information is exploited even in the development of reading of a transparent orthography. 相似文献
4.
Liliane Sprenger-Charolles Pascale Colé Agnès Kipffer-Piquard Florence Pinton Catherine Billard 《Reading and writing》2009,22(7):811-842
In the present study, conducted with French-speaking children, we examined the reliability (group study) and the prevalence
(multiple-case study) of dyslexics’ phonological deficits in reading and reading-related skills in comparison with Reading
Level (RL) controls. All dyslexics with no comorbidity problem schooled in a special institution for children with severe
reading deficits were included in the study (N = 15; Chronological Age [CA]: 111 ± 8 months; RL: 80 ± 3 months). For the group study, the 15 dyslexics were matched pairwise
on reading level, non-verbal IQ, and gender to 15 younger RL controls (CA: 85 ± 4 months). For the multiple-case study, the
RL control group included 86 average readers (CA: 83 ± 4 months; RL: 85 ± 5 months). To assess the relative efficiency of
the sublexical (or phonological) and lexical reading procedures, we relied on two comparisons: pseudowords vs. high-frequency
regular words (the comparison mainly used in languages with a shallow orthography); and pseudowords vs. high-frequency irregular
words (the comparison mainly used with English-speaking dyslexics), pseudowords and irregular words being either short or
long. The dyslexics’ skills in the domains supposed to explain their reading deficit were also examined: phonemic awareness,
phonological short-term memory and rapid naming. In the group study, the dyslexics lagged behind the RL controls only when
they were required to read long pseudowords. The results of the multiple-case study indicated that the prevalence of this
deficit was high (the accuracy scores of all but two of the 15 dyslexics being more than 1 SD below the RL control mean),
and that deficits in phonemic awareness were more prevalent (seven cases) than deficits in phonological memory (one case)
and in rapid naming (two cases). Three unexpected results were observed in the group study: the difference between regular
words and pseudowords (to the detriment of pseudowords) was not greater for the dyslexics; the difference between irregular
words and pseudowords (to the benefit of pseudowords) was more significant for the RL controls; and there were no significant
differences between the groups in reading-related skills. To explain these results, the severity of the dyslexics’ reading
deficit and the remediation they have benefited from must be taken into account. In addition, the fact that the outcomes of
the comparison between pseudoword vs. regular or irregular word reading were not the same will make it possible to understand
some discrepancies between studies carried out either in English or in a language with a shallower orthography (French, for
instance).
相似文献
| Catherine BillardEmail: |
5.
Marie‐line Bosse Nathalie Chaves Pierre Largy Sylviane Valdois 《Journal of Research in Reading》2015,38(2):141-158
The self‐teaching hypothesis suggests that knowledge about the orthographic structure of words is acquired incidentally during reading through phonological recoding. The current study assessed whether visual processing skills during reading further contribute to orthographic learning. French children were asked to read pseudowords. The whole pseudoword letter string was available at once for half of the targets while the pseudoword's sub‐lexical units were discovered in turn for the other half. Then memorisation of the targets’ orthographic form was assessed. Although most pseudowords were accurately decoded, target orthographic forms were recognised more often when the pseudowords entire orthographic sequence was available at once during the learning phase. The whole‐word presentation effect was significant and stable from third to fifth grades. This effect was affected neither by target reading accuracy nor by target reading speed during the learning phase. Results suggest that beyond recoding skills, the ability to process the entire orthographic letter string at once during reading contributes to efficient orthographic learning. 相似文献
6.
The possible relationship between visual deficits and dyslexia: examination of a critical assumption
Numerous studies have found that visual deficits are associated with dyslexia. The prevailing theory regarding this association is that dyslexia is the result of a deficit in the magnocellular system (earlier called the transient system) in the visual pathway. An essential assumption of this theory is that the parvocellular system (formerly called the sustained system) is suppressed by the magnocellular system at the time of saccadic eye movements. This assumption is examined on the basis of published studies of saccadic suppression. The evidence from six studies indicates quite unequivocally that the magnocellular system, not the parvocellular system, is suppressed during saccadic eye movements. It seems, therefore, that an essential premise of the magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia is incorrect. 相似文献
7.
In Greek orthography, stress position is marked with a diacritic. We investigated the developmental course of processing the stress diacritic in Grades 2 to 4. Ninety children read 108 pseudowords presented without or with a diacritic either in the same or in a different position relative to the source word. Half of the pseudowords resembled the words they were derived from. Results showed that lexical sources of stress assignment were active in Grade 2 and remained stronger than the diacritic through Grade 4. The effect of the diacritic increased more rapidly and approached the lexical effect with increasing grade. In a second experiment, 90 children read 54 words and 54 pseudowords. The pattern of results for words was similar to that for nonwords suggesting that findings regarding stress assignment using nonwords may generalize to word reading. Decoding of the diacritic does not appear to be the preferred option for developing readers. 相似文献
8.
Marie Lallier Guillaume Thierry Polly Barr Manuel Carreiras Marie-Josephe Tainturier 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(4):335-349
According to the Grain Size Accommodation hypothesis (Lallier & Carreiras, 2017), learning to read in two languages differing in orthographic consistency leads to a cross-linguistic modulation of reading and spelling processes. Here, we test the prediction that bilingualism may influence the manifestations of dyslexia. We compared the deficits of English monolingual and early Welsh–English bilingual dyslexic adults on reading and spelling irregular English words and English-like pseudowords. As predicted, monolinguals were relatively more impaired in reading pseudowords than irregular words, whereas the opposite was true for bilinguals. Moreover, monolinguals showed stronger sublexical processing deficits than bilinguals and were poorer spellers overall. This study shows that early bilingual reading experience has long-lasting effects on the manifestations of dyslexia in adulthood. It demonstrates that learning to read in a consistent language like Welsh in addition to English gives bilingual dyslexic adults an advantage in English literacy tasks strongly relying on phonological processing. 相似文献
9.
The purpose of this study was to validate Bakker's (1990, 1992) clinical neuropsychological balance model of dyslexia when implemented in a traditional general education classroom environment. The sample included 45 middle school, right-handed boys and girls (mean age = 12.78) with L-type dyslexia (excessively fast readers who make substantive reading errors), P-type dyslexia (displaying accurate but slow and laborious reading), and M-type dyslexia (readers who commit a combination of L-type and P-type dyslexia errors). The experimental groups (L and P type dyslexia) were presented with hemisphere specific stimulation (HSS) and hemispheric alluding stimuli (HAS). HSS involves the presentation of words into the right visual field (RVF) or the left visual field (LVF) or through tactile exercises with the right or left hand. HAS is achieved by constructing semantically and phonetically challenging letters and words. The children with M-type dyslexia served as a control group and received traditional decoding and comprehension exercises. The readers were exposed to a specific treatment model for 16 weeks, depending on their reading accuracy and comprehension. Statistical analyses indicated that, although there were no significant changes in word recognition for the dyslexia subtypes, the readers with L-type, P-type, and M-type dyslexia exhibited significant improvement in reading accuracy and comprehension as assessed by results from pretest to posttest. These results suggest that Bakker's clinical neuropsychological intervention can be effectively applied to the general education setting as well. 相似文献
10.
This study examined the word-structure knowledge of novice teachers and the progress of children tutored by a subgroup of
the teachers. Teachers’ word-structure knowledge was assessed using three tasks: graphophonemic segmentation, classification
of pseudowords by syllable type, and classification of real words as phonetically regular or irregular. Tutored children were
assessed on several measures of basic reading and spelling skills. Novice teachers who received word-structure instruction
outperformed a comparison group of teachers in word-structure knowledge at post-test. Tutored children improved significantly
from pre-test to post-test on all assessments. Teachers’ post-test knowledge on the graphophonemic segmentation and irregular
words tasks correlated significantly with tutored children’s progress in decoding phonetically regular words; error analyses
indicated links between teachers’ patterns of word-structure knowledge and children’s patterns of decoding progress. The study
suggests that word-structure knowledge is important to effective teaching of word decoding and underscores the need to include
this information in teacher preparation. 相似文献
11.
In this study the effect of repeated reading on the acquisition of orthographic knowledge was examined. Acquisition of orthographic knowledge was assessed by the effect of word length on reading speed. We predicted that the effect of length in a set of words and pseudowords would decrease after the repeated reading of these (pseudo)words. The study involved fourth and fifth grade dyslexic children, in addition to normal readers in second and fourth grade. Words and pseudowords ranged from four to six letters and were read 16 times. A length effect was found in the dyslexic and younger normal readers, but not in the older normal readers. The length effect did not change from pre‐test to post‐test, although a large overall improvement in reading speed was found in all groups. These results suggest that repeated reading did not alter the predominantly sub‐lexical reading procedure of the dyslexic and younger normal readers. Implications for the interpretation of the length effect and the notion of word‐specific orthographic knowledge are discussed. 相似文献
12.
13.
The direct, retention, and transfer effects of repeated word and pseudoword reading were studied in a pretest, training, posttest, retention design. First graders (48 good readers, 47 poor readers) read 25 CVC words and 25 CVC pseudowords in ten repeated word reading sessions, preceded and followed by a transfer task with a different set of items. Two weeks after training, trained items were assessed again in a retention test. Participants either received phonics feedback, in which each word was spelled out and repeated; word feedback, in which each word was repeated; or no feedback. During the training, both good and poor readers improved in accuracy and speed. The increase in speed was stronger for poor readers than for good readers. The good readers demonstrated a stronger increase for pseudowords than for words. This increase in speed was most prominent in the first four sessions. Two weeks after training, the levels of accuracy and speed were retained. Furthermore, transfer effects on speed were found for pseudowords in both groups of readers. Good readers performed most accurately during the training when they received no feedback while poor readers performed most accurately during the training with the help of phonics feedback. However, feedback did not differentiate for reading speed or for effects after the training. The effects of repeated word reading were found to be stronger for poor readers than for good readers. Moreover, these effects were found to be stronger for pseudowords than for words. This indicates that repeated word reading can be seen as an important trigger for the improvement of decoding skills. 相似文献
14.
Children’s skill at recoding graphemes to phonemes is widely understood as the driver of their progress in acquiring reading
vocabulary. This recoding skill is usually assessed by children’s reading of pseudowords (e.g., yeep) that represent “new words.” This study re-examined the extent to which pseudoword reading is, itself, influenced by orthographic
rimes (e.g., eep) of words of the child’s reading vocabulary, during the development of reading skill. In Study 1, children with word reading
levels of 6–10 years read matched pseudowords that do and do not share an orthographic rime with words of their reading vocabularies.
Study 2 was conducted to further examine such a comparison for children of the 6- to 8-year word reading levels. There was
a small and constant advantage of shared lexical orthographic rimes for children with reading levels 6–8 years but from 8
to 10 years that advantage increased significantly, as expected by Ehri’s phase account of word reading development. The pseudoword
reading of children learning to read English involves use of lexical orthographic components as well as context-free recoding
of graphemes to phonemes. This implies a qualification to the common interpretation of pseudoword reading as a measure of
context-free grapheme–phoneme recoding. Such a measure should use selected pseudowords that do not share orthographic rime
units or other multigrapheme components with words of the children’s reading vocabularies. 相似文献
15.
This study examined, in 180 children aged from 6 to 9 years, to what extent irregular word reading and spelling were predicted by vocabulary knowledge, reading frequency, orthographic processing and nonword reading skill. Consistent with models of reading highlighting the quasi‐regular nature of irregular words, it was found that nonword reading was a large and significant predictor of irregular word reading even when entered into a regression analysis after all of the other variables. However, irregular word spelling was equally well predicted by orthographic and nonword reading skills. The results are discussed in relation to models of word reading and reading development. 相似文献
16.
Jennifer Martin Pascale Colé Christel Leuwers Séverine Casalis Michel Zorman Liliane Sprenger-Charolles 《Annals of dyslexia》2010,60(2):238-264
This study investigated the reading and reading-related skills of 15 French-speaking adults with dyslexia, whose performance
was compared with that of chronological-age controls (CA) and reading-level controls (RL). Experiment 1 assessed the efficiency
of their phonological reading-related skills (phonemic awareness, phonological short-term memory, and rapid automatic naming
(RAN)) and experiment 2 assessed the efficiency of their lexical and sublexical (or phonological) reading procedures (reading
aloud of pseudowords and irregular words of different lengths). Experiment 1 revealed that adults with dyslexia exhibited
lower phonological reading-related skills than CAs only, and were better than RL controls on the RAN. In experiment 2, as
compared with RL controls, only a deficit in the sublexical reading procedure was observed. The results of the second experiment
replicated observations from English-language studies but not those of the first experiment. Several hypotheses are discussed
to account for these results, including one related to the transparency of orthographic systems. 相似文献
17.
Recent research has shown that many people with dyslexia find it unusually difficult to detect flickering or moving visual
stimuli, consistent with impaired processing in the magnocellular visual stream. Nonetheless, it remains controversial to
suggest that reduced visual sensitivity of this kind might affect reading. We first show that the accuracy of letter position
encoding may depend on input from the magnocellular pathway. We then suggest that when children read, impaired magnocellular
function may degrade information about where letters are positioned with respect to each other, leading to reading errors
which contain sounds not represented in the printed word. We call these orthographically inconsistent nonsense errors letter
errors. In an unselected sample of primary school children, we show that the probability of children making “letter” errors
in a single word reading task was best explained by independent contributions from motion detection (magnocellular function)
and phonological awareness (assessed by a spoonerism task). This result held even when controlling for chronological age,
reading ability, and IQ. Together, these findings suggest that impaired magnocellular visual function, as well as phonological
deficits, may affect reading. 相似文献
18.
Reading relies on a left‐lateralized network of brain areas that include the pre‐lexical processing regions of the ventral stream. Specifically, a region in the left lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (OTS) is consistently more activated for visual presentations of words than for other categories of stimuli. This region undergoes dramatic changes at the functional and structural levels when children learn to read, but little is known about the effects of early cerebral constraints on reading skills. Using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated whether the sulcal pattern of the lateral OTS—a stable brain feature—was associated with oral reading skills. The sulcal pattern of the left but not the right lateral OTS was associated with the number of words correctly read in 3 min. This study is the first to evidence that reading is affected by early cerebral constraints, such as the sulcal morphology of the left lateral OTS. 相似文献
19.
Ângela Maria Vieira Pinheiro 《Reading and writing》1995,7(1):111-138
This paper describes the development of reading and spelling procedures in Portuguese speaking children from 1st to 4th grade and discusses whether the developmental models of Frith, Seymour and Stuart & Coltheart may account for this development. This study is based on reaction time and error measurements of the reading and spelling of isolated words and pseudowords. The words varied in frequency, length and spelling-to-sound-regularity and the non-words varied only in length and spelling-to-sound regularity. The results indicated that the children tested did not pass through a logographic stage and that their reading and spelling initially involved a non-lexical process which from the beginning was influenced by a developing lexical process (that became progressively more important as development progressed), suggesting the use of overlapping processes. This finding contradicts Frith's strictly sequential theory but not Seymour's model, which allows for concurrent development of processes. Despite the fact that the present data do not fit into the definition of Seymour's orthographic stage, there were indications of a shift from the alphabetic to the orthographic stage and also that the process of lexicalization occurs more rapidly in reading than in spelling. Another finding was that the dual-process reading/spelling model, developed in English, can be extended to Portuguese. 相似文献
20.
Kai Makita Mika Yamazaki Hiroki C. Tanabe Takahiko Koike Takanori Kochiyama Hirokazu Yokokawa Haruyo Yoshida Norihiro Sadato 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2013,7(4):213-224
Psychological research suggests that foreign‐language vocabulary acquisition recruits the phonological loop for verbal working memory. To depict the neural underpinnings and shed light on the process of foreign language learning, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging of Japanese participants without previous exposure to the Uzbek language using learning of novel Uzbek words. During encoding, spoken Uzbek words and corresponding visual objects were shown, and subjects either overtly repeated the words (phonological rehearsal) or overtly rehearsed numbers (phonological suppression). Phonological rehearsal improved the encoding performance. A learning‐related decrease in rehearsal‐specific activation was found in the left fusiform gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellum. Recollection of the phonologically rehearsed words activated the right cerebellum and left fusiform gyrus more prominently than recollection of the phonologically suppressed words in a performance‐dependent manner. The phonological loop might provide the temporal and fragile registration of the articulatory pattern that is converted into a more durable form in the right cerebellum, which is in turn integrated with the object information in the fusiform gyrus. 相似文献