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1.
Nicholas P. Linthorne James E. Cooper 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):175-185
This study investigated the effect of the coefficient of friction of a running surface on an athlete's sprint time in a sled-towing exercise. The coefficients of friction of four common sports surfaces (a synthetic athletics track, a natural grass rugby pitch, a 3G football pitch, and an artificial grass hockey pitch) were determined from the force required to tow a weighted sled across the surface. Timing gates were then used to measure the 30-m sprint time for six rugby players when towing a sled of varied weight across the surfaces. There were substantial differences between the coefficients of friction for the four surfaces (μ = 0.21–0.58), and in the sled-towing exercise the athlete's 30-m sprint time increased linearly with increasing sled weight. The hockey pitch (which had the lowest coefficient of friction) produced a substantially lower rate of increase in 30-m sprint time, but there were no significant differences between the other surfaces. The results indicate that although an athlete's sprint time in a sled-towing exercise is affected by the coefficient of friction of the surface, the relationship relationship between the athlete's rate of increase in 30-m sprint time and the coefficient of friction is more complex than expected. 相似文献
2.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):57-65
Abstract Designing the most suitable diet for an athlete requires an intimate knowledge of the relevant scientific literature, the training and competition demands of the sport, the individual athlete's preferences and social situation. The scientific literature contains an abundance of information on nutritional demands of athletes undertaking endurance or strength training programmes, but much less information is available on sprint/power sports, team, racquet, weight-making, aesthetic (diving, gymnastics), and skill-based events. Furthermore, most research has been undertaken on adult males, with the assumption that females and adolescent athletes follow the same patterns of fuel usage and requirements. Consequently, assessing the optimal composition of an athlete's diet relies at best on an informed interpretation of the scientific data, plus individually collected observations. The aims of this article are to provide an overview of the current evidence on macronutrient requirements for day-to-day training for a range of different athletes, provide some recommendations regarding formulating an athlete's diet, and highlight areas where more research is required. 相似文献
3.
The main determinants of an athlete's protein needs are their training regime and habitual nutrient intake. Most athletes ingest sufficient protein in their habitual diet. Additional protein will confer only a minimal, albeit arguably important, additional advantage. Given sufficient energy intake, lean body mass can be maintained within a wide range of protein intakes. Since there is limited evidence for harmful effects of a high protein intake and there is a metabolic rationale for the efficacy of an increase in protein, if muscle hypertrophy is the goal, a higher protein intake within the context of an athlete's overall dietary requirements may be beneficial. However, there are few convincing outcome data to indicate that the ingestion of a high amount of protein (2–3?g?·?kg?1 BW?·?day?1, where BW?=?body weight) is necessary. Current literature suggests that it may be too simplistic to rely on recommendations of a particular amount of protein per day. Acute studies suggest that for any given amount of protein, the metabolic response is dependent on other factors, including the timing of ingestion in relation to exercise and/or other nutrients, the composition of ingested amino acids and the type of protein. 相似文献
4.
当前对无过错条款适用的认定因素研究较为零散,全面阐述这些因素有助于增强无过错案件仲裁裁决的权威性。体育仲裁机构在决定是否适用无过错条款减轻对运动员的处罚时,首先会考虑运动员在主观上是否是故意的,其次对于兴奋剂物质进入运动员身体的结果,体育仲裁机构会考量是否具有客观归责于运动员的可能性,也就是运动员是否尽到了极为谨慎的注意义务,同时还会考虑违规运动员长期实施某种合法行为的信赖利益。除此之外,先前判例具有很重要的参考价值,反兴奋剂机构自身的过错也会被考虑在其中,运动员自身的经验同样是重要的影响因素。无过错条款是无重大过错条款适用的基础,二者考量的构成要素本质上相同,区别在于运动员履行的注意义务程度不同。 相似文献
5.
《Sport Management Review》2014,17(2):97-106
In this study, the current issues of athlete brand management are discussed and the construct of athlete brand image is conceptualized. A conceptual model of athlete brand image (MABI) is developed incorporating three key dimensions: athletic performance, attractive appearance, and marketable lifestyle. These dimensions are defined by an athlete's on-field characteristics, attractive external appearance, and off-field marketable attributes. This study contributes to the sport branding literature by providing the first comprehensive conceptual framework of athlete brand image and offering managerial implications for building and managing the brand image of individual athletes. 相似文献
6.
流畅状态是指伴随着运动员的技能与所要求的挑战相符的心理状态, 是运动员全身心地投入到竞赛中时出现的一种积极体验的状态。采用文献法回顾了运动员流畅状态的相关研究。介绍流畅状态3种较为常见的模型;梳理有关流畅状态的研究方法;整理总结影响流畅状态的因素,其中包括人口统计学变量、动机、心理坚韧性等,通过分析指出,未来研究者应该积极开展流畅状态的纵向研究、关注流畅状态的消极影响,并注意考察团队流畅状态的作用,以此为流畅状态的相关研究提供一定的理论参考。 相似文献
7.
Lisa A. Bridgett 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(8):889-897
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the influence of run-up speed on take-off technique in the long jump. Seventy-one jumps by an elite male long jumper were recorded in the sagittal plane by a high-speed video camera. A wide range of run-up speeds was obtained using direct intervention to set the length of the athlete's run-up. As the athlete's run-up speed increased, the jump distance and take-off speed increased, the leg angle at touchdown remained almost unchanged, and the take-off angle and take-off duration steadily decreased. The predictions of two previously published mathematical models of the long jump take-off are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. 相似文献
8.
Jolanda Roose Wouter R. de Vries Sandor L. Schmikli Frank J.G. Backx Lorenz J.P. van Doornen 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):756-764
Overtraining (OT) as a sports phenomenon can be caused by stressors on various levels (physical, emotional, psychological, and social) and evokes responses on these levels. This study evaluated research and new opportunities in the field of OT by introducing an integrated multidisciplinary approach, based on the single and multistressors approach. The single stressor approach focuses on the training load-recovery imbalance, which results in a stagnating performance, excluding the etiology by nonsport-related factors. The multistressors approach includes all factors as relevant in the etiology of a stagnating performance. In future studies on OT, an integrative approach should not only highlight changes in training regimes and specific responses to training stressors but also focus on the role of training-related recovery, the impact of stressors, and personality factors influencing stress appraisal. This will provide a better insight into the etiology and consequences of OT, necessary for prevention and treatment in sport practice, and enhance the focus on adequate recovery (good sleep, sufficient rest periods) and athletes' stress-related responses. 相似文献
9.
国际体育仲裁院（CAS）仲裁庭认定澳大利亚埃森登足球俱乐部34名运动员构成兴奋剂违规且对违规行为有重大过错,推翻了澳大利亚足球联盟（AFL）的决定,并对违规运动员均处以2年的禁赛期。区别于样本检测阳性的案件,CAS仲裁庭认定在非检测阳性案件中运用的证明标准是“放心满意标准”（Comfortable Satisfaction）,认为世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）可以通过运动员的承认、证人证言、书面证据等任何可靠的方式对兴奋剂违规事实加以证明。CAS仲裁庭在上诉审理中对证据审查适用的是全面审查原则,上诉程序中可以提交新证据的条件是申请方不存在对诉讼权利的滥用和主观恶意。研究认为：在非检测阳性案件中,有必要加强间接证据的独立定案功能,对放心满意标准确立统一的认定规则,并且完善证据排除规则的相关规定。 相似文献
10.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):267-276
Abstract Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an overtraining syndrome. This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists therefore have to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When it was determined that the athlete's performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training, training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and psychological measurements were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and sport science teams can help in monitoring training and recovery in practical settings, allowing detection of the early signs of overreaching before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops. 相似文献
11.
过度训练状态下消化系统的特点与机理的探讨 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
笔者对过度训练引起的消化系统的变化及特点进行总结,从病理生理角度分析其发生的可能机理,从而为过度训练运动员的合理膳食、营养补充及过度训练综合症的防治提供理论依据。 相似文献
12.
健美操运动在我国的开展与普及已经将近三十年了。虽然普及面比较广,也取得了一些成绩,但是从国内比赛和世界大赛的水平来说,我国健美操运动员的竞赛水平还是受到限制。最突出的表现是动作技术技巧有难度,但是缺乏与音乐的融合性或缺乏艺术表现力。就健美操运动员的音乐基础的培养提出一些方法建议。 相似文献
13.
“孙杨案”是目前关于样本采集环节讨论最具代表性的案例。实践中，反兴奋剂领域对样本采集环节规则与程序的要求均有所忽视，就该案而言，具体体现在以下三方面：采样规则的解释和适用存有争议；采样机构的管理模式较为松散；运动员缺乏及时有效的救济途径。样本采集阶段作为反兴奋剂实践中的重要环节，其严格性和规范性不仅关系到运动员权利保障，也影响到反兴奋剂工作的开展，更会对反兴奋剂体系多年构建的权威性造成冲击。对此，可从优化样本采集程序规则和完善样本采集程序运行体系入手，使得样本采集环节进一步规范化。 相似文献
14.
John Newell David Higgins Niall Madden James Cruickshank Jochen Einbeck Kenny McMillan 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1403-1409
Abstract Blood lactate markers are used as summary measures of the underlying model of an athlete's blood lactate response to increasing work rate. Exercise physiologists use these endurance markers, typically corresponding to a work rate in the region of high curvature in the lactate curve, to predict and compare endurance ability. A short theoretical background of the commonly used markers is given and algorithms provided for their calculation. To date, no free software exists that allows the sports scientist to calculate these markers. In this paper, software is introduced for precisely this purpose that will calculate a variety of lactate markers for an individual athlete, an athlete at different instants (e.g. across a season), and simultaneously for a squad. 相似文献
15.
对上海青年女子足球运动员个性及竞赛焦虑情况进行测试,并对测试中发现的个性特质忧虑性和紧张性较高以及特质焦虑水平较高的运动员使用生物反馈仪进行放松训练。结果表明,生物反馈训练中,音乐放松和指导语加音乐放松训练可以有效地提高运动员的皮肤温度,降低皮肤导电性,改善脑电α波、θ波和SMR波,且指导语加音乐放松的训练方式更加有效。结论：利用生物反馈训练仪可以调节女足运动员自主神经及大脑皮质功能,特别是指导语加音乐放松能良好地调节运动员心理状态及情绪状态。 相似文献
16.
通过脑电相干性分析,探讨运动员射击中击发和收枪两种不同运动表现时各脑区间的沟通差异。采用64导脑电测试系统记录12名女子气手枪运动员击发与收枪时的脑电,将两种不同表现击发前的脑电分为4个时间段（每段1 000 ms）,分别计算低-alpha频段（8~10 Hz）、高-alpha频段（11~13 Hz）、低-beta频段（14~22 Hz ）中前额区（Fz）与其他脑区间(额区、中央区、顶区、枕区和颞区)的相干性。结果发现,在低-alpha频段,与收枪时相比,运动员击发时大脑信息沟通较少,表明击发时运动员只需要较低的皮层唤醒和注意努力。左脑脑波相干性显著低于右脑,表明大脑半球不同功能体现在了运动员射击过程中,运动员射击时右半球交流多,注意力转移以视觉空间为主。不同表现过程中不同时间点显示了不同高低的脑波相干性,故推断稳定的大脑皮质活动与较好的运动表现有关。 相似文献
17.
An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is <8?h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24?h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training. 相似文献
18.
神经退行性疾病是一种以中枢神经系统或外周神经系统神经元结构和功能丧失为特征的神经系统疾病。线粒体功能障碍是阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病等多种常见神经退行性疾病的早期病理特征。大量研究表明运动可明显改善神经退行性病变症状,然而其调节机制目前还不清楚。鉴于运动是促进线粒体合成、活性与功能的重要调节因素,并且线粒体功能变化在神经退行性病变中发挥重要作用。主要从线粒体角度阐述运动对神经退行性疾病的影响及可能机制,包括线粒体生物合成、线粒体ROS和氧化应激、线粒体动力学、线粒体质量控制,为运动防治神经退行性疾病提供理论支持。 相似文献
19.
通过对中国美术学院吴海燕教授的访谈,回顾北京奥运会运动员出场服装的设计过程,分析中国奥运服装的色彩选择和搭配,在与其他国家奥运服装设计的比较中探讨中国体育设计的现状与未来。吴海燕教授认为,在体育设计中需要注意运动员的功能需求,中国体育设计要建立有东方特色的系统观,“体育+设计”要加上“科技”与“时尚”;政府进行长远规划,牵头建立专门研究机构,联合社会与高校力量持续专注研发,这样将会对中国体育设计未来发展产生重要的推动作用。 相似文献
20.
Ezio Preatoni Joseph Hamill Andrew J. Harrison Kevin Hayes Richard E.A. Van Emmerik Cassie Wilson 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):69-92
The aim of this paper was to present a review on the role that movement variability (MV) plays in the analysis of sports movement and in the monitoring of the athlete's skills. MV has been traditionally considered an unwanted noise to be reduced, but recent studies have re-evaluated its role and have tried to understand whether it may contain important information about the neuro-musculo-skeletal organisation. Issues concerning both views of MV, different approaches for analysing it and future perspectives are discussed. Information regarding the nature of the MV is vital in the analysis of sports movements/motor skills, and the way in which these movements are analysed and the MV subsequently quantified is dependent on the movement in question and the issues the researcher is trying to address. In dealing with a number of issues regarding MV, this paper has also raised a number of questions which are still to be addressed. 相似文献