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1.
本文是继中国始苏铁Primocycas chinensis Zhu et Du之后，又报道一种古植物文献未见记载的早二叠世晚期苏铁科小孢子叶球，命名为古生铁花(新属、种)Cycadostrobilus paleozoicus Zhu，gen. et.sp．nov．标本采自我国山西省太原市东山煤矿的下石盒子组，它是世界迄今已知的一种最古老的小孢子叶球化石。和本新属同层发现的化石，除了中国始苏铁之外，还有楔叶Sphenophyllum、齿叶Tingia，楔羊齿Sphenopteris、楔叶羊齿Sphenopteridium、织羊齿Emplectopteris、栉羊齿Pecopteris、大芦孢穗Macrostachya、科达Cordaites、带羊齿Taeniopteris、角籽Cornucarpus和几种也未见记载而形态又非常特殊的植物。本文认为当前报道的古生铁花(新属、种)很可能和中国始苏铁同属一种植物，其营养叶可能是疏脉带羊齿Taeniopteris norinii Halle。 相似文献
2.
详细研究了孙吴-嘉荫盆地晚白垩世叶肢介化石组合,鉴定了考察所打到的部分叶肢介化石,并鉴定出了3属3种：双形链叶肢介Halysestheria biformis Zhang et Chen,瘤模叶肢介（未定种）Estherites sp.,长形网格叶肢介Dictyestheria elongate Chang et Chen。 相似文献
3.
黑龙江晚白垩世植物区系及东亚、北美区系的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文记载了黑龙江嘉荫县乌云组所产植物化石，计有53种，隶属39属、28科。其中蕨
类植物7种，裸子植物8种，被子植物38种(包括单子叶植物1种)，10个种为新种。
乌云组植物化石的区系及植被的分析结果表明，在植物区系成分中，大多是亚热带至暖温
带分子，具少数温带成分，由此组成的群落有暖性针叶林，落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林等，共同组
成暖性针阔叶混交林，指示当时气候温暖潮湿，大约是暖温带向亚热带过渡的气候特点。再从
植物化石叶子外貌特征来分析，其中全缘叶占40％; 叶的体积以中型的占大多数，大型和小型
的均少数; 脉序以具掌状脉的占多数。这些特征说明，沉积时期亦为温暖潮湿的气候。
晚白垩世在东亚出观的35属化石中，其中27属和北美共有，约占总属数的77％，这种区
系组成的相似程度，表明其区系具有密切的亲缘关系。这种亲缘随着时间的推移，在进入第三
纪或向更晚发展的进程中而逐渐减弱。主要由于大陆漂移和板块运动，使欧亚、北美在第三纪
初完全分离，此后这两块大陆隔离发展，植物区系的相同分子逐渐减少，以至现在生存植物中
的相同属仅占总数的4．1％，其中草本植物还占有相当大的比例。
根据我国东北地区晚白垩纪所产植物化石及同时代南方所产化石，大致可把晚白垩世的
植物区(带)划分为三个：(1)暖温带至亚热带植物区，主要代表植物是Metasequoia，Trochoden-
droides，Platanus，Ampelopsis，Protophyllum，Pterospermites，Menispermites; (2)亚热带至热
带植物区，植物有Brachyphyllum，Cinnamomum，Nectandra和棕榈科植物; (3)亚热带或干
旱植物区，兼有南北过渡的植物或呈干旱性的植物。
乌云组植物大化石共有33属，和东亚，北美同时代植物群对比，出现不少相同属种，其中
15个属种出现在苏联晚白垩世的察加扬组及东锡霍特阿林，11个属种出现在日本晚白垩世
的Kuji地区，若与加拿大晚白垩世植物群比较,有11个相同属种; 与阿拉斯加晚白垩世植物
对比，则有12个相同属种; 若与乌云组同属一区的太平林场组比较，相同属种更多。再从孢粉
组合成分看，和本区松辽盆地明水组相同的属有15个，并具有少数晚白垩世代表性的花粉如
鹰粉、沃氏粉和山龙眼粉，表明乌云组的时代和明水组接近。同时在乌云组大化石中绝灭类型约占70％，证实该植物群的古老性。其时代属于马斯特里赫特期至达宁期而不是古新世。 相似文献
4.
5.
对被子植物起源研究中的几种观点进行了讨论。(1)由于被子植物存在着一组共同的性状,它们不可能是从不同祖先起源的,而是有着共同的祖先。被子植物是一个单源起源的类群。现存被子植物分类系统是依据包括形态学(广义)、分子系统学、古植物学和植物地理学等的综合性状建立的,只能表示出现存类群的亲缘关系并且追溯到它们最近的祖先。人们现在还不可能建立一个包括全部已绝灭的类群和现代生存类群的谱系发生系统。因此,现存被子植物分类系统只能看作是“亲缘”系统。(2)分析了用于推测被子植物起源时间的分子、化石和地理分布证据。我们认为,要确定被子植物起源时间,植物化石是一类重要证据,但化石只能说是植物本身可保存部分和当时当地所提供的化石条件的综合反映,它们不可能就是植物类群或种的起源时间。人们还必须考虑到化石本身的演化历史。应用分子钟也是一种手段,但误差比较大。如果我们除了利用上述两种资料之外,根据植物类群的现代分布格局及其形成,把植物的演化同地球的历史和板块运动联系起来,以推断它们起源的时间,这无疑会增加其可信度。通过对56个种子植物不同演化水平的重要科属地理分布的研究结果,我们曾提出被子植物的起源时间可能要追溯到早侏罗世,甚至晚三叠世。(3)分析了基于分子证据所提出的被子植物基部类群——ANITA成员(包括无油樟科Amborellaceae、睡莲科Nymphaeaceae、八角目Illiciales、早落瓣科Trimeniaceae、木兰藤科Austrobaileyaceae)的性质,讨论了ANITA成员在现代几个被子植物分类系统中的系统位置的不同观点,评价了它们的形态学(广义)性状。指出ANITA的成员由于包含大量的祖征,是属于原始的类群。但由于它们的共有衍征很少,如花粉球形,说明它们在被子植物演化早期就分道扬镳了,沿着不同的传代线分化。因此ANITA是一个源于不同传代线的复合群。 相似文献
6.
基于两个叶绿体基因（matK和rbcL）和一个核糖体基因（18S rDNA）的序列分析．对代表了基部被子植物和单子叶植物主要谱系分支的86科126属151种被子植物（单子叶植物58科86属101种）进行了系统演化关系分析．研究结果表明由胡椒目Piperales,樟目Laurales、木兰目Magnoliales和林仙且Caneliales构成的真木兰类复合群是单子叶植物的姐妹群,单子叶植物的单系性在3个序列联合分析中得到98％的强烈自展支持, 相似文献
7.
本工作准确测定了万年青Rohdea japonica(Thunb．)Roth Ls-rRNA 5'端347个
核苷酸序列。以该序列与其他五种被子植物及一种红藻已发表的序列为基础构造的系统树与
一般所接受的植物分类系统十分吻合，而且说明这一方法对被子植物不同科、属之间的差异有
良好的分辨率。我们的分析结果还表明，万年青与禾本科之间的差异很大，它们的分歧可能发生在单子叶植物起源的早期。 相似文献
8.
傅德志 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1992,30(6):515-528
竹柏科Nageiaceae是根据叶无中脉而具多数近平行细脉和雌性生殖器官接近原始的枝条状结构，
从裸子植物罗汉松科Podocarpaceae中分出的单属新科。 新科内有2个组，5个种，分布于太平洋西
海岸的东亚、南亚近海山地至新几内亚等南太平洋岛屿区域。 该科植物具有2个以上叶迹和无中脉的
多脉叶类型，在现存的裸子植物中十分特殊，仅与少数几个系统位置较为孤立或系统位置不甚清楚的
类群有一定相似之处，而与其他大多数具中脉叶类型的类群几乎没有任何过渡和联系。 古植物学证据
表明，自古生代以来，各不同地质时期均有这种多脉叶类型化石存在，同时，在某些古裸子植物化石
中，也存在接近Nageiaceae所具有的枝条状雌性生殖器官类型。 据此推测，在裸子植物系统发育中，
可能存在一条以叶具多脉为标志的M-演化线(multinerved-leaved evolutionary line)，这条演化线可追溯至古裸子植物科达类甚至更古老的类群。 相似文献
9.
10.
正中国科学家领衔的一个国际研究团队发现了迄今为止最为可信的、地球上最古老的花朵化石,从而将被子植物的化石记录向前推进了约5000万年。被子植物也称开花植物,是植物界最为多样化的类群。植物有着漫长的进化历史,但被子植物直到白垩纪(距今1.45亿～0.66亿年前)才真正出现。 相似文献
11.
石铸 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1988,26(6):418-428
Having mixed extremely various patterns of achenes for a long time in
the genus Lactuca L., especially showed in the classification of it on the mainland of Asia,
Lactuca L., the primary unnatural genus, becomes more nuclear in its limit. The present
paper makes a revision to attempt providing a clear cline between Lactuca L. and its relative
genera.
On my opinion, only plants, represented by Lactuca sativa L., which have ovoid capitu-
lum during its fruiting, numerous (7-25), yellow ligular florets and longitudinal 1-10 ribs
or striae on each side of achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex, should be defined as
Lactuca L.
In view of the present concept of Lactuca L., another group of plants, embodied by
Lactuca indica L., having its broadening, thin winged-margin of, 1-3 striae on each side of
achenes, black, dorsi-ventral compressed, acute into thick and short beak at its apex, evident-
ly, should not be placed into Lactuca L., but be regarded as genus, i.e. Pterocypsela Shih,
gen. nov. Pterocypsela Shih distributes in Eastern and southern Asia, where Lactuca L. does
not occur. In China there is all of species, seven species, of Pterocypsela Shih. They are P.
raddeana (Maxim.) Shih, P. indica (L.) Shih, P. elata (Hemsl.) Shih P. lacciniata (Houtt.)
Shih, P. triangulata (Maxim.) Shih, P. sonchus (Lévl.) Shih and P. formosana (Maxim.)
Shih, But in Mediterranean regions and Middle and Western Asia mainly distributes Lactu-
ca L., in which there are only seven species from western China, Xijiang autonomic district.
They are L. dolichophylla Kitam., L. sativa L., L. altaica Fisch. et Mey., L. serriola Torner,
L. dissecta Don, L. auriculata DC. and L. undulata Ledb.
With the combination of violet-purple ligular florets non-ovoid capitulum during its
fruiting, a little thick achenes, acuminate into longer. or short beak at its apex and 4-6 ribs
on each side of it, Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. is evidently different from Lactuca sativa L.
with combination of ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, yellow ligular florets and compres-
sed achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex. There seems to be no point in refusing Mu-
lgedium Cass. as a genus. Strictly speak, Mulgedium Cass. seems to be reminiscent of Para-
prenanthes Chang (see bellow) without beak at the apex of its achenes. In Hengduan moun-
tains and mountain range of Himalayas M. tataricum (L.) DC. discoveries its relative par-
tners. They are M. bracteatum (Mook. f. ex. C. B. Clarke) Shih, M. lessertianum (Wall. ex
C. B. Clarke) DC., M. monocephalum (Chang) Shih, M. umbrosum (Dunn) Shih, M. meridi-
onale Shih and M. polypodifolium (Franch.) Shih.
Having broadering and thickening margin and 4-7 striae on each side of achenes, grey,
dorsi-ventral compressed, truncate and beakless at its apex, Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex
Maxim. (Sonchus sibiricus L.) is not only different from Lactuca sativa L. with the combi-
nation of yellow ligular florets and filiform beak at apex of its achenes, but also from the
genus Mulgedium Cass. with beak at apex of its achenes. Therefore, Lagedium Sojak, establi-
shed by J. Sojak (1961), should be restored. It should be point out that Lagedium Sojak is
monotypic genus excluding Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. with beak at the apex of its ache-
nes, non-marginated. Lagedium Sojak widely distributes in temperate and frigid zone of
northern hemisphere. In our country, Lagedium sibiricum (L.) Sojak, sole species of the ge-
nus, restricts its northeast region.
Paraprenanthes Chang, the new genus, established by Ch. Ch. Chang (1950) based on La-
ctuca sororia Miq. and Lactuca yunnanensis Franch. seems to be a distinct genus. This ge-
nus is characterized by 4-6 ribs on each side of achenes, black, fusiform, a little thick and
beakless at its apex. Besides above-mentioned two species, assigned by Chang, in forest of tro-
pic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia there are many species with same structure
in achenes like L. sororia Miq. and L. yunnanensis Franch. The genus Paraprenanthes Chang
seems to be reminiscants of Mulgedium Cass. and Lagedium Sojak, but differs from the former
in its beakless achenes, from the later in its non-marginated achenes and 4-6 ribs on each
side of it. In our country, there are all species of the genus known in the tropic and sub-
tropic zones on the mainland of Asia. They are P. sororia (Miq.) Shih, P. yunnanensis (Fra-
nch.) Shih, P. longiloba Ling et Shih, sp. nov., P. heptontha Shih et D. J. Liou, sp. nov., P.
prenanthoides (Hemsl.) Shih, P. pilipes (Migo) Shih, P. thirionii (Lévl.) Shih, P. sylvicola
Shih., sp. nov., P. multiformis Shih, sp. nov., P. auriculiformis Shih, sp. nov. and P. sagitti-
formis Shih, sp. nov. 相似文献
12.
蔷薇科植物的起源和进化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
俞德浚 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1984,22(6):431-444
Rosaceae. consisting of about 126 genera and 3200 species, is widely distribu-
ted in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, while more
than half of the genera are Asiatic and more then 80% of the total number of Asiatic
occur in China (Table 1). In this paper, the origin and evolution of Chinese genera is
discussed mainly. The principal tendency of the whole family is also described from
the point of view of evolution.
First of all, the systematic position of Rosaceae in Angiospermae is reviewed. Ac-
cording to the records of paleobotany, rosaceous plants occurred first in the Tertiary,
from the early period of Eocene (genera such as Spiraea and Prunus) to the late period
of Miocene (e.g. Crataegus, Malus amd Rosa). They have quite a long history in geolo-
gical data. Where has this big and old family originated and what steps does it stand in
the long course of evolution of flowering plants? There are several opinions and ex-
planations by different authors. In this paper, a general survey of the six prevailing
classical systems (Table 2) is made to give a brief idea of the position of this family
in the Angiospermae and of the relationships between the subfamilies and also the rela-
tionships between different genera in each subfamily. At the end of this paper, an at-
tempt is made to analyse and sum up the major evolutionary tendency of the whole fa-
mily.
As generally condidered, Rosaceae originated from Magnoliales, and woody plants
of the family still hold a dominant position. For instance, subfamily Spiraeoideae con-
sists of only one herbaceous genus (i.e., Aruncus) and subfamily Rosoideae only a few
herbaceous genera. All of these herbaceous genera are derived from the closely related
woody genera of the same subfamily.
In the course of evolution of Angiospermae, Rosaceae stands at the initial to the
middle stages of development. All parts of plant body in this family are at the chang-
ing and developing stages, with carpels, fruits and inflorescences being the most active.
The primitive types in this family, such as the members of subfamily Spiraeoideae,
usually have 5 and free carpels, the number of which are either reduced to 2-1 or in-
creased to 10-numerous. They have different levels of union and are either completely
free from each other or coherent at base. The carpels usually occur on the upper part of
the receptacle, because the shapes of receptacle are variable, sometimes disk-shaped, cup-
shaped, tube-shaped or even bottle-shaped. In the last case carpels grow inside the rece-
ptacle. Thus the position of carpels has changed from superior to inferior through half-
superior.
In accordance with the development of the carpels, various kinds of fruits are produ-
ced. The primitive types of fruit are follicles, with dry, dehiscent carpels opened along
different sutures. The next step, the carpels have developed into an indehiscent, I-celled
and l-seeded fruit, the so-caned achene. In different genera, the achenes have different
coat types and appendages to facilitate dispersing the seeds. Some of the achenes grow
upon the fleshy receptacle (like strawberry) and some of them inside the fleshy rece-
ptacle (like rose). Sometimes a few carpels are united with the receptacle and develop
into a pome (like apple and pear). Another direction of the fruit development is the
single carpel with fleshy exocarp and mesocarp, and a bony endocarp, then becoming a
drupe (like peach and plum).
In addition to fleshy receptacle of thickened fruit coats, they usually have showy
colour, fragrant smell and also plenty of sugars, acids, vitamins, etc. which are edible
and attract animals and human beings to assist the dispersion of seeds.
In this family, there are various types of flower arrangements, both indefinite inflo-
rescences including raceme, umbel, corymb and panicle, and the definite inflorescence,
such as solitary flower, cyme and compound cyme. In the evolution course, they tend
to change mostly from multiflowered compound inflorescence towards few-flowered sim-
ple inflorescence, and finally becoming a solitary flower: simultaneously with the decre-
asing of number of flowers on the inflorescence, the increasing of size of petals, which
become very showy for attraction of insects so as to guarantee pollination and fertiliza-
tion of the plants concerned. Another tendency, if the bisexual flowers change to uni-
sexual, either monoecious- or dioecious-polygamous, then they form a dense spike which
is beneficial to cross pollination. The abundance, diversity, and wide range of distribu-
tion of the species and genera of Rosaceae are considered mainly resulted from their
highly developed reproductive organs. 相似文献
13.
本文报道了轮藻科2新种、1新变种、5个中国新记录：嫩江丽藻Nitella nenjiangensis sp.
nov.,轮苞轮藻 Chara vertillibracteata sp. nov., 球状轮藻北京变种 Chara globularis Thuiller
var. beijingensis var. nov., 腋生丽藻 Nitella axillaris Braun, 卷曲丽藻N. crispa Imah.,柔细
丽藻N. gracillima Allan, 拟扇形丽藻不完全变种N. pseudoflabellata var. imperialis,阿鲁轮藻
Chara arrudensis Mendes. 相似文献
14.
This paper deals with morphological characters in seedlings and adult plants of 5
species of Chinese Calycanthaceae. The germination of seeds, morphology of cotyledons,
hypocotyl and primary leaves of these species are enumerated, for example, the Chimon-
anthus campanulatus, sp. nov. is characterized by half-hypogaeous and tetragonal coty-
ledons, whereas other species epigaeous; the cotyledons of Calycanthus chinensis is
obtriangular, Chimonanthus praecox, Ch. salicifolius and Ch. nitens are reniform. On
the morphological characters of these adult plants and geographical distribution of 4
species of Chimonanthus are keyed. In addition a new species, Chimonanthus campa-
nulatus, is described and it represents a more primitive type of the genus.
相似文献
15.
梁汉兴 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1994,32(5):425-432
本研究从比较三白草科属间小花个体发育及分析花器官数量变异入手，探寻花器官在发生顺序、数目变化及排列方式等方面的演化趋势，揭示系统发育在个体发育中一定程度重现的事实及属间的进化关系。结果简述如下：首先，雄蕊和心皮发生顺序由中部优先演化到两侧优先。其次，由于远中雄蕊和心皮经历了从发育延迟、生长减缓到最终消失的历程，中部雄蕊和心皮由成对演化为单生。此外，两侧生雄蕊对由各自独立的原基发生演化到共同原基发生或减化为1枚，假银莲花属近中1枚雄蕊原基二裂成1对，蕺菜属3枚心皮发生于一环状共同原基等，都是该科花器官演化的重要事实并可归结为融合、减化和复化的结果。文章根据花器官的演化趋势及过渡类型的剖析，论述了三白草科属间的系统进化关系。 相似文献
16.
本文报道独叶草 Kingdoinia uniflora 的花、果实和种子的形态结构规律。 花的各部分
多而无定数，呈螺旋状排列。花被片的脉序呈开放的二叉分枝，可分三类。雄蕊分能育和不
育两类，维管束单一，后者顶端的凹沟内具蜜腺，前者的花粉囊呈侧向-外向着生。心皮分化
为三部分，子房具柄，含1枚横生胚珠。开花时，心皮不完全闭合，属半开放型，近似黄连属(Coptis)植物。聚合瘦果，种子1枚，胚处于原胚期，胚乳丰富。文中还讨论了有关形态演化问题。 相似文献
17.
18.
In order to get a thorough understanding of the Characeae, the specime-
ns collected from Guangxi and Gansu were identified. The result shows that the
two provinces, especially Guangxi, are abundant in this family. In this paper, ho-
wever, reported are only new species, new varieties and new records of Chara in China.
They are Chara vernicosa sp. nov. C. globularis var. inflata var. nov. and C. howe-ana var. subgymnophylla var. nov., C. brionica stapf and C. calveraensis comb. nov. 相似文献
19.
杨积高 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1994,32(4):378-379
In this paper, a new species, a new variety and a new record for china of Navicu-
la from Anhui Province are reported. They are Navicula anhuinsis sp. nov. and N. muticaKütz. var. sinica var. nov. and N. mutica var. stigma Patrick. 相似文献