共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
言语产生过程可分为概念化、言语组织、发音3个层次。这个过程的核心是词汇通达,它包含词条选择（语义提取）和音位编码（语音提取）两个阶段。对于这两个加工阶段的关系主要有两种观点：一种是独立两阶段模型,一种是交互激活理论。汉语言语产生研究的主要范式是图片命名。独立两阶段模型和交互激活理论各有一些来自汉语言语产生的行为实验和认知神经实验的证据支持。汉语的活动有其独特的脑区。 相似文献
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言语产生过程可分为概念化、言语组织、发音3个层次。这个过程的核心是词汇通达,它包含词条选择(语义提取)和音位编码(语音提取)两个阶段。对于这两个加工阶段的关系主要有两种观点:一种是独立两阶段模型,一种是交互激活理论。言语产生研究中所采用的经典实验范式是图片命名,使用事件相关电位(简称ERP)技术考察言语产生过程中各阶段的关系,主要使用双重选择任务,以单侧化准备电位(简称LRP)和N200为指标。但这种任务的明显缺点是它与正常的言语产生时高度自由化的方式不同,它需要被试有意识地提取语义和语音信息。独立两阶段模型和交互激活理论都各自得到一些实验结果的支持。 相似文献
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隐性知识转移是保障研究生培养质量的关键环节。导师负责制中师生隐性知识的转移分为伪隐性知识和真隐性知识的转移,伪隐性知识的转移可以使用语言知识或符号规则编码进行,真隐性知识的转移只能在特定情境中以联结学习的方式进行。基于此,本文构建了伪隐性知识转移的编码———诠释模型,提出了真隐性知识转移的触发模型,探讨了导师负责制中促使隐性知识转移的关键因素。 相似文献
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Learning is often identified with the acquisition, encoding, or construction of new knowledge, while retrieval is often considered only a means of assessing knowledge, not a process that contributes to learning. Here, we make the case that retrieval is the key process for understanding and for promoting learning. We provide an overview of recent research showing that active retrieval enhances learning, and we highlight ways researchers have sought to extend research on active retrieval to meaningful learning—the learning of complex educational materials as assessed on measures of inference making and knowledge application. However, many students lack metacognitive awareness of the benefits of practicing active retrieval. We describe two approaches to addressing this problem: classroom quizzing and a computer-based learning program that guides students to practice retrieval. Retrieval processes must be considered in any analysis of learning, and incorporating retrieval into educational activities represents a powerful way to enhance learning. 相似文献
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王震范琳张静 《外语教学理论与实践》2022,177(1):54
本研究旨在考察非熟练汉英双语者动词产出过程的重复启动效应。研究采用重复启动范式,以60个汉、英对等翻译名词为实验材料。31名非英语专业本科生产出由呈现的名词刺激联想到的相关动词。研究结果表明:1)被试已学名词刺激引发的动词产出平均反应时显著短于其未学名词刺激,表明动词产出过程中存在重复启动效应;2)被试一语汉语动词产出的反应时和重复启动效应均显著小于其二语英语动词产出,这表明语言熟练程度影响非熟练汉英双语者动词产出过程的重复启动效应｡研究结果支持迁移适当加工观和修正等级模型。 相似文献
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为精确描述问答网络论坛的主题信息,提出构建面向英语自然语言的问答知识表示模型,进而提出包括数据采集、平台搭建和应用设计在内的问答知识系统的完整解决方案.模型借助先验词典和自然语言语法分析方法,将语义信息、语法信息和知识置信度引入信息检索技术,并以语句模型集合和带有语义链接的标引项集合的形式表现出来.理论分析表明:语句模型能够突破原始问答模式限制,精确表达知识陈述,满足各种查询需求;标引项之间的语义链接则可辅助语句模型,在现有知识基础上推导出新知识.模型同时应用了信息检索和自然语言处理特征,增强了知识表达能力.诸多知识系统应用可在此模型上得到改善,提供更好的性能. 相似文献
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Although the development of abstract knowledge and critical thinking skills has often been extolled as an ideal and as the goal of education (Nisbett et al., 1987), much research in problem solving and other cognitive endeavours points to the role that concrete information and examples play in thinking (Medin & Ross, 1989; Reeves & Weisberg, in press). We discuss the concrete vs abstract knowledge debate in terms of the use of analogies in problem solving and conclude that exemplar‐specific details of problems and the context in which problems are learned guide the transfer of a solution principle from one base problem to a target. The content of problems—what they are about—is often more important than the more abstract, schematic solution principle in influencing retrieval of base analogues (Holyoak & Koh, 1987; Keane, 1987; Ross, 1987) and mapping of the solution principle from base to target (Gentner & Toupin, 1986; Ross, 1987, 1989; Fong & Nisbett, 1991). It is suggested that learning abstract solution principles in a domain (e.g. algebra, physics) benefits greatly when instruction is accompanied by examples illustrating those principles (Cheng et al., 1986; Fong et al., 1986) and that analogical transfer itself serves as a useful means to greater comprehension of a domain (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). 相似文献
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Long-term memory retrieval efficiency was investigated as a potential underlying source of individual and developmental differences in cognitive functioning. Fourth-grade, eighth-grade, and college-aged subjects participated in a task using the Posner letter-matching paradigm. Letter pairs were presented simultaneously under physical-match and name-match instruction conditions. Reaction times were used to estimate parameters of long-term memory retrieval efficiency, basic encoding, decision, and response time, and name and physical output interference. Psychometric tests of verbal and spatial ability were included to assess convergent and discriminant validity of hypothesized relationships between aptitude test performance and basic cognitive processes. Developmental differences were observed in most but not all of the processing variables. Individual difference analyses indicated that less confounded estimates of processing parameters were not systematically related to verbal ability at any age level. Basic encoding and response speed was the most consistent correlate of spatial ability. The results suggest difficulties in previous interpretations of NIPI-verbal ability relationships. The study of cognitive processes in interaction and embedded in meaningful tasks is discussed. 相似文献
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高光谱遥感影像中光谱向量编码方法的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Taking into account the demands of hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) image retrieval and processing, some encoding methods of spectral vector including direct encoding, feature-based encoding and tree-based encoding methods are proposed and compared. In direct encoding, based on the analysis of binary encoding and quad-value encoding, decimal encoding is proposed. It is proved that quad-value encoding and decimal encoding are suitable to fast processing and retrieval. In absorption feature-based encoding method, five common metrics are compared. Because locations of reflection/absorption features are sensitive to noise, this method is not very effective in retrieval. In tree-based encoding methods, bitree, quadtree, octree and hextree are proposed and discussed. It is proved that 2-level octree and 2-level hextree are more effective than bitree and quadtree. Finally, quad-value encoding, decimal encoding, 2-level octree and 2-level hextree are proposed in spectral vectors encoding, similarity measure and hyperspectral RS image retrieval. 相似文献
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1 Introduction Withtherapiddevelopmentofhyperspectralremotesensing(RS)informationacquisitiontechniques,manyhyperspectralRSinformationsources,forexample,AVIRIS,OMIS,PHI,etc.,havebecomeavailable.ThisstimulateswideapplicationsandrapidprogressofhyperspectralRSinvariousfieldssuchasresources,environments,urbandevelopment,ecologyandothers[1,2].WiththeaccumulationofvasthyperspectralRSinformation,itissignificanttoretrieveinterestedimagesforgiventasksquicklyfromlargeinformationsystems(ordataba… 相似文献
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Carlos O. Calderón-Tena Linda C. Caterino 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2016,14(7):1377-1385
This study assessed the relation between long-term memory retrieval and mathematics calculation and mathematics problem solving achievement among elementary, middle, and high school students in nationally representative sample of US students, when controlling for fluid and crystallized intelligence, short-term memory, and processing speed. As hypothesized, structural equation modeling comparing elementary school students and middle and high school students revealed that long-term retrieval skills became a better predictor of both mathematics calculation and mathematics problem solving as age and grade increased. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of interventions to improve long-term retrieval skills in general, and arithmetic facts retrieval and problem solving procedures in particular, at all grades, including high school. 相似文献
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Fanny Dégeilh Bérengère Guillery‐Girard Jacques Dayan Malo Gaubert Gaël Chételat Pierre‐Jean Egler Jean‐Marc Baleyte Francis Eustache Armelle Viard 《Child development》2015,86(6):1966-1983
Adolescence is marked by the development of personal identity and is associated with structural and functional changes in brain regions associated with Self processing. Yet, little is known about the neural correlates of self‐reference processing and self‐reference effect in adolescents. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study consists of a self‐reference paradigm followed by a recognition test proposed to 30 healthy adolescents aged 13–18 years old. Results showed that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex is specifically involved in self‐reference processing and that this specialization develops gradually from 13 to 18 years old. The self‐reference effect is associated with increased brain activation changes during encoding, suggesting that the beneficial effect of Self on memory may occur at encoding of self‐referential information, rather than at retrieval. 相似文献
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分析了传统的客户关系管理模型（CRM）功能和结构上的不足,把知识转移与客户关系管理联系起来,将人工智能,数据挖掘与电子商务相结合,得到了基于知识转移的客户关系管理模型（KTCRM）,通过分析KTCRM的框架和功能,以及用推荐支持度取代传统算法的数量支持度,设计实现了关联规则挖掘算法,使客户关系管理由被动处理现有的知识发展到能主动地进行知识转移,从而得到新的信息,更好地为客户进行服务。 相似文献
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Carrie A. McKeague Francis J. Di Vesta 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1996,44(2):29-42
Investigated were the differential effects of strategy orientations (memory strategy, organization strategy, application strategy, and read-and-study control) orthogonally crossed with learner activity (guided versus active) and outcomes (memory, organization, and application). Subjects were 136 undergraduates, randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatments. One day after they studied a passage on the topic of radar, outcome measures were completed. Guided activities were found to be superior to the learner-active counterparts on a composite achievement score. The hypothesized interaction of strategy orientation and kind of measure was supported. Performance was highest, in every comparison, on the outcome measure that paralleled the strategy-orientation treatment. The main effect of strategy orientation on the total achievement score was not significant. These findings were discussed in terms of the transfer-appropriate processing theory, the encoding specificity principle, and generative learning theory, with implications for further research and instructional design. 相似文献
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《Exceptionality》2013,21(3):151-164
Students with mathematics learning disabilities (LD) exhibit difficulties with retrieval and cognitive skills that impede their ability to perform basic mathematical skills. Instruction in mathematical procedures (i.e., procedural knowledge) is necessary to help students learn and apply skills such as basic facts and whole-number computation. Division is a skill that is identified in curriculum across the grade levels; yet, it is a skill that is often taught last in instructional sequences because of its complexity and prerequisite knowledge. Reviews of research have revealed that students with LD benefit from a combined model of academic instruction that includes both explicit and strategic instructional procedures. This article presents an overview of division instruction and a sample of interventions for teaching division that include explicit and strategic instructional procedures, which are found in the combined model of teaching. 相似文献
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以创新教育为核心的中国教育现代化是当前我国深化教育改革与发展的主要任务。创新教育与传统教育以知识为导向不同,更加强调学生能力的发展,也被称为"能力导向教育"。能力导向教育的落地首先需要明确能力导向教学范式的意涵、特征和应用模式。PISA测试作为一种国际公认的典型的能力测试范式,为能力导向教学范式提供了理论观照和实践指引。从PISA测试对学生能力培养要求来看,能力导向教学范式是一种以学生所掌握的学科知识为基础,将其与知识应用领域的真实情境相联系,旨在促进和发展学生的问题解决、批判性思维、社会沟通等核心素养和21世纪技能的教学范式。它具有基于真实的问题情境开展教学、学习过程由概念化转向模型化、聚焦高阶思维发展等主要特征。深入到教学实践领域,能力导向教学范式的典型模式是基于项目的学习,强调知识在真实问题情境中的运用和做中学的实践哲学。能力导向教学范式不仅能够在教学实践中真正改变知识导向占据主导地位、为应试而获取知识的教育现状,更有助于开拓以发展学生核心素养和21世纪技能为主导的创新人才培养新格局。 相似文献
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With the rapid growth of the Web, the volume of information on the Web is increasing exponentially. However, information on the current Web is only understandable to humans, and this makes precise information retrieval difficult. To solve this problem, the Semantic Web was proposed. We must use ontology languages that can assign data the semantics for realizing the Semantic Web. One of the representative ontology languages is the Web ontology language OWL, adopted as a recommendation by the World-Wide Web Consortium （W3C）. OWL includes hierarchical structural information between classes or prop- erties. Therefore, an efficient OWL storage model that considers a hierarchical structure for effective information retrieval on the Semantic Web is required. In this paper we suggest an XPath-based OWL storage （XPOS） model, which includes hierarchical information between classes or properties in XPath form, and enables intuitive and effective information retrieval. Also, we show the comparative evaluation results for the performance of the XPOS model, Sesame, and the XML file system-based storage （XFSS） model, in terms of query processing and ontology updating. 相似文献
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The paper presents an overview of automaticity research,particularly the influential theories concerned.It highlights four automatic learning models:rule-based approach,item/instance-based approach,exemplar-based random walk model,and restructuring model.Model 1 underlines that automatic processing is proceduralization of declarative knowledge with repeated practice being the prerequisite;model 2 stresses that automaticity is the direct memory retrieval and instance amount together with quality affects retrieval speed;model 3 emphasizes that memory retrieval is similarity-based,and responses are determined by the relative similarity of exemplars;the last argues that it is restructuring other than simply practice that increases the possibility of automaticity.Finally,respective implications of the learning models for ELT(English language teaching) in China are discussed. 相似文献
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Three research paradigms, those of Ausubel, Gagné and Piaget, have received a great deal of attention in the literature of science education. In this article a fourth paradigm is presented—an information processing psychology paradigm. The article is composed of two sections. The first section describes a model of memory developed by information processing psychologists. The second section describes how such a model could be used to guide science education research on learning and problem solving. 相似文献