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1.
The issue of international student mobility has had a profound effect on policy decision-making in the higher education system of essentially every country; however, the statistical data on this subject are insufficient, especially for graduate students. The purposes of this study are to substantiate the state of international mobility among talented graduate students in the sciences and engineering who will publish scholarly research in their future career and to present the mechanism of their moves between institutions. This paper quantitatively analyzes the trajectories of more than 7,000 scientists and engineers beginning at graduate school, obtained from the biographical notes attached to journal articles for authors in the fields of computer vision, robotics, and electron devices. The results suggest that mobility in various engineering fields at world-class research universities is subject to varied pull and push factors. In the fields of computer vision and robotics, a high world university ranking is a significant pull factor in the global mobility of graduate students, which may promote a US-dominated stratification between institutions of higher education, since the institutions at the top end of these rankings are generally in the United States. In contrast, in the field of electron devices, employment for highly skilled workers in domestic industries seems to act as an alternative pull factor for talented graduate students. This article also sheds light on the status of the universities that underpin first-tier research universities by providing undergraduate students to them, an important role that tends to be concealed in the world university rankings. Furthermore, this article suggests the existence of complementary relationships between the globally top-ranked research universities and the exporting top national research universities in various countries, a relationship that is key to the shape of the current global higher education system. 相似文献
2.
Eleni Sianou-Kyrgiou 《Higher Education Quarterly》2010,64(1):22-40
Higher education has expanded to a remarkable extent in many countries in recent decades. Although this has led to high levels of participation, inequalities not only persist but are also strengthened. The persistence of inequalities is partly the result of policies for the widening of participation having been accompanied by institutional stratification with educational choices being unequal and socially defined. There is evidence that with the development of new university departments and the increase in the number of university entrants in Greece, a stratified system of higher education has emerged. This study draws on quantitative data that provides evidence that choice has been driven largely by the students' social class: the close relationship between social class and educational opportunities has remained intact. Furthermore, social inequalities in access and distribution in higher education persist, despite the substantial increase in participation in higher education. Social class is a key factor in the interpretation of choice of study, which, along with the performance in the national level examinations that determines entrance into universities, has also led to the increase in the stratification of higher education institutions. 相似文献
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Balázs Németh 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2011,2(2):107-125
The Belém Framework for Action underlines, among many other issues, that quality in adult learning and education must be holistic and multidimensional both
as a concept and in practice, using various tools such as partnerships with higher education institutions. Bridging adult
and higher education is difficult, but the lifelong learning paradigm may help European universities to meet the challenge.
This paper argues that European higher education institutions should, on the one hand, educate adults to qualify them for
their complex roles in society and economy either through academic programmes or in other, non-formal ways. On the other hand,
higher education institutions should promote quality research on adult learning and education and develop active citizenship
too. Emphasis was clearly given to the former task in the Budapest Statement in December 2008 as part of the European preparatory process for CONFINTEA VI, and the latter has been articulated by UNESCO
for more than a decade. This paper suggests that a balanced position may help universities in setting themselves up as better
and more effective learning organisations. 相似文献
6.
Internationalising higher education: comparing the challenges of different higher education institutions in Malaysia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia is seen as a means for improving and empowering higher education so that the higher education institutions in the country can become comparable to the best in the world. While the government has spelt out the directions as well as some of the targets for internationalisation, higher education institutions in the country have been internationalising for different reasons and with different levels of priority and intensity. Public universities, especially the older ones, have been engaged in internationalisation as part of their academic growth and development. Concurrently, a variety of private institutions of higher learning has evolved since the opening up of private higher education from the 1980s. These include private universities that have been established by large corporations, smaller private colleges that have been elevated to the status of degree-conferring institutions as well as branch campuses of foreign universities. The objective of this paper is to examine the different concepts and challenges of internationalisation faced by the different types of higher education institutions in the country, using the case study approach. It was found that in each of these cases, the concept of internationalisation and the challenges faced are different, although funding is raised as a problem in three of the four cases. These different challenges imply that current policies may have to be fine-tuned in order to address the different needs of these institutions in their respective efforts to internationalise. 相似文献
7.
Since the late 1990s the Chinese government has implemented two key policies for the development of higher education. The
first was launching Project 985, with the purpose of seeking excellence through creating internationally competitive universities.
The second was a radical move to a mass system of higher education. In this context, China’s top universities have faced dual
missions, each with their challenges: playing key roles in the revolutionary expansion process on the one hand and closing
the gap between them and top universities around the world through the implementation of Project 985, on the other. It is
thus important to know about how these institutions have transformed themselves for excellence through the implementation
of these policies. With the three cases of Peking, Nanjing and Xiamen Universities, this paper aims to examine each institutional
response and the broad changes that have come about in these top Chinese comprehensive universities. It looks especially at
the divergent trajectories these institutions have followed in balancing their elite and mass education functions, their global,
national and local missions, the pursuit of excellence alongside of a commitment to equity, efforts at curricular comprehensivization
while preserving unique historical strengths, and finally globalization and localization. From two higher education frameworks,
one based on epistemological considerations and the other on political philosophy, that are equally important in light of
China’s traditions, the paper concludes that Chinese universities will continuously but selectively respond to the national
expansion policy with various institutional models of seeking excellence that enable them to contribute to Chinese society
and the global community in the future. 相似文献
8.
Ingrid Moses 《Higher Education in Europe》1995,20(3):45-58
Presenting the comprehensive quality control measures which have been taken in Australian higher education in recent years, the author argues that the way they have been imposed from top down without proper consultations with the faculty/staff members of the institutions concerned have led to their being discredited at this level. She proposes ways in which evaluation and awards systems might be introduced through proper consultations with staff/faculty members in ways which engage the support of the latter and are then conducted with their co‐operation and collaboration. In particular, she describes how the Guidelines for Effective University Teaching were developed by the Australian Vice‐Chancellors Committee and are now being introduced into the various Australian higher education institutions as the basis of an effective teaching evaluation and improvement system. 相似文献
9.
This article seeks to shed light on current dynamics of stratification in changing higher education and proposes an analytical perspective to account for these dynamics based on Martin Trow’s work on “the analysis of status.” In research on higher education, the term “stratification” is generally understood as a metaphor that describes a stable vertical order. In sectors that are experiencing considerable change, such an order is still in the making. In following Trow, we propose to look at stratification as an open ordering process that constructs verticality. We distinguish between sector and field stratification, i.e., between stratification through coercive regulation by the state and through status judgements by a wide range of stakeholders. Within the last decade, field stratification has grown in importance as governments in continental Europe have provided universities with more leeway. Specific devices (rankings, etc.) channel such judgements and construct images of how a field appears. By applying this concept to two empirical cases from German higher education, we will show how devices redefine verticality in higher education through specific field images. First, master rankings in business administration/economics expand the topological boundaries to include degree programs outside national sectors, raise the importance of alumni and increase the recruitment of female students. Second, the Excellence Initiative triggers the construction of a new unregulated sector of doctoral education; excellent graduate schools model themselves along the scales of the field image as selective, interdisciplinary, international, and part of a holistic university image. 相似文献
10.
思想政治教育的本质是一种人文关怀,肩负立德树人重任的高校德育更应努力凸显这一特质。近年来,对话作为一种新的教育理念正逐步向高校德育领域渗透。对话德育的缘起有其深厚的理论和现实背景,其中包含着深刻的人文关怀意蕴。人文关怀视野下的对话德育建构,可从对话理念人本化、对话关系伙伴化、对话场域生活化、对话文本人文化和对话方法人性化等五个路向进行。 相似文献
11.
As part of the efforts to globalize higher education in Indonesia, internationalization and multiculturalism are two globalization behaviors that have been promoted across higher education institutions. This study investigated both these behaviors through a qualitative case study analysis of four state universities in the country. The authors found that firstly, the autonomy of state higher education institutions played a significant role for the implementation of internationalization programs which is related not only to the flexibility in designing international programs, opening study programs, or recruiting foreign lecturers, but also to the budget amount allocations by the government. Secondly, in developing multiculturalism serious considerations on the cultural stance of the institution and the unique ideology of that institution needs to be undertaken and integrated with the national ideology. Thirdly, the role of the government in making policies and encouraging state higher education institutions to be more autonomous is essential to advance higher education in internationalization and multiculturalism. 相似文献
12.
Abraham Yogev 《Higher Education》2000,40(2):183-201
Despite the growing body of literature on thestratification of the university systems in the US andthe UK, the treatment of all universities in countrieswhere the system of higher education is publiclycontrolled tends to remain monolithic. This iscertainly true of Israel, where all universities andcolleges are regulated by the Council for HigherEducation (CHE), which considers all universitiesthe ``first layer' of higher education versus the``second layer' of degree-granting colleges. We claimthat the six major Israeli universities – the fiveregular universities and the Technion – are highlystratified into three elite institutions, aiming atacademic excellence, versus three ``targetuniversities' aimed at specific or peripheralpopulations. Drawing on periodical university figurespublished by the Central Bureau of Statistics between1985–1996, we show that the growth of various academicfields and of graduate studies has been limited in thetarget universities. Subsequently, their studentcomposition differs from that of the three eliteuniversities. They have larger than expectedproportions of older students, women, and minority students (Sephardic Jews and Arabs). Threeimplications of these stratification patterns forhigher education policy in publicly controlled systemsare discussed: the extent and stability of universitystratification in these systems; the benefits andlimitations of this stratification process; and itsimpact on further developments in higher education,mainly the expansion of degree-granting colleges. 相似文献
13.
从早期高校教学工作局部层面的评估,到首轮全国普通高等学校本科教学工作水平评估,作为中国高等教育评估体系中重要组成部分的本科教学评估工作正在实践中走向成熟。展望下一轮本科教学评估工作,科学的顶层设计与规范的制度体系建设是评估有序、顺利推进的先决条件。如何协调评估工作相关利益主体的利益诉求,理顺评估工作中各方面制度的界限和关联,建立本科教育评估工作的制度保障,需要各级教育管理部门和高等学校共同探索和努力。 相似文献
14.
E-learning、网络教育和开放教育资源(OER)是当前高校教学信息化在实践层面的重要表现,也是高校应对时代发展挑战的不同形态。鉴于顶尖高校具有的引领作用和重要影响,从高校应对时代发展挑战的视角,对中美顶尖高校E-learning、网络教育和OER的开展概况进行调查和比较。研究发现,中美顶尖高校在E-learning开展成熟度、网络教育开展层次、OER推动模式等方面存在较大差异。基于比较分析,为我国高校E-learning、网络教育和OER的进一步发展提出建议。 相似文献
15.
Christine Anita Xavier Lubna Alsagoff 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2013,12(3):225-238
This article investigates the ways in which newly-established higher education institutions (HEIs) position themselves as “world-class” through constructing themselves as “global”. With the escalating “free market” and competitive forces arising from the marketization of education, most universities see a construction of themselves as global universities as a necessity, where the global mark is valued as a signal of quality across markets and thus positions the universities as world-class. This study specifically examines how one very successful emerging university, the National University of Singapore, constructs and promotes itself as a global institution through three strategies. 相似文献
16.
Trevor Gale 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2011,38(1):5-23
The field of Australian higher education has changed, is changing and is about to change, repositioned in relation to other
“fields of power”. It is a sector now well defined by its institutional groupings and by their relative claims to selectivity
and exclusivity, with every suggestion of their differentiation growing. The potential of a “joined-up” tertiary education
system, of vocational education and training (VET) and universities, has the potential to further rework these relations within
Australian higher education, as will lifting the volume caps on university student enrolments. Moreover, Australian universities
now compete within an international higher education marketplace, ranked by THES and Shanghai Jiao Tiong league tables. “Catchment
areas” and knowledge production have become global. In sum, Australian universities (and agents within them) are positioned
differently in the field. And being so variously and variably placed, institutions and agents have different stances available
to them, including the positions they can take on student equity. In this paper I begin from the premise that our current
stance on equity has been out-positioned, as much by a changing higher education field as by entrenched representations of
social groups across regions, institutions, disciplines and degrees. In taking a new stance on equity, the paper is also concerned
with the positioning in the field of a new national research centre with a focus on student equity in higher education. In
particular, the paper asks what stance this new centre can take on student equity that will resonate on a national and even
international scale. And, given a global field of higher education, what definitions of equity and propositions for policy
and practice can it offer? What will work in the pursuit of equity? 相似文献
17.
我国普通高校创新型人才培养中存在的问题和对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
韩建华 《江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007,40(5):126-129
创新型人才的培养与高等教育的创新教育是密不可分的。目前,我国许多高校在创新型人才培养方面进行了有益的探索。但仍然是处于起步阶段,创新型人才培养的模式尚未形成;学生考试评价体系不合理;教育资源紧缺制约了创新型人才的培养。提高创新型人才培养质量,必须更新教育观念;改革教育方法和教师管理体制;优化课程体系;注重第二课堂;推进考试改革。 相似文献
18.
随着高等教育的普及,尤其是全国普通高等院校扩招以来,高校的教务管理人员面临急剧膨胀的学生学籍信息,手工机械的教务管理方式已不能满足现代大学教学管理的要求,高校教务管理信息化的要求越来越高。高校学籍学历管理系统最大的优势在于能够和教育部的学信平台成功对接,确保学生学籍学历的顺利申报和注册。在效率和规范上都有严格的技术规定,极大地提高学校教学管理的水平。 相似文献
19.
Despite the importance of trustees for higher education institutions, few studies address how they influence the institutions they steward. To address this gap, we used a social network approach within a comparative case study design to evaluate how trustees interacted with two private, elite universities: Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While trustees interacted with these institutions in differing ways, results indicated that some of them significantly influenced institutional behaviors, structures, and policies. This suggests that the role of trustees should be re-conceptualized to reflect their ability to influence higher education institutions, making them a fundamental part of the microfoundations of these institutions. 相似文献
20.
Andrés Bernasconi 《Higher Education》2006,52(2):303-342
The expansion of private sectors of higher education has usually been regarded as a factor of diversification in higher education
systems. Some of this differentiation has been found to arise from the affiliation of private institutions with organizations
outside the field of higher education. This article reports the results of a study of this form of interorganizational relationship
in private universities in Chile. Cases include universities founded or sponsored by religious, business and military organizations.
A typology of private universities is proposed, on the basis of the forms affiliation (or its absence), was observed to take
in the cases examined. Weak and strong forms of affiliation are described, and affiliated universities are compared to “proprietary”
universities, i.e., those owned by individuals who govern them from their positions in the board of directors, and “independent”
universities, in which governance lies with internal – academic or administrative – constituents. Albeit derived from the
case of Chile, the typology could be applied to the analysis of private higher education in other national systems. The second
part of the article seeks to ascertain whether affiliation operates as a source of differentiation in Chilean private higher
education. Results show that, compared to the other types of private universities, the affiliated ones possess distinctive
mission statements and declarations of principles, consistent with the orientations of their sponsor institutions, they tend
to be smaller, and to have more full-time and better qualified faculty. Some receive financial support from their sponsor
organization or its members. Distinctiveness was not found in indicators of prestige and student selectivity, nor in tuition
levels, program offerings, curriculum design, the weight of research and graduate programs in their functions, student socioeconomic
profile, and faculty involvement in governance. This is not to say that there are no differences in these dimensions among
private universities: much diversity exists, but most of it cuts across all categories of interest for our study. Overall,
affiliation does not appear to be a strong factor behind the diversification that exists in the Chilean private university
sector. 相似文献