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1.
Moisture retention capacity (MRC) is a key parameter for the prediction of leachate production of a municipal solid waste (MSW) pile. In this paper, five sets of laboratory tests were conducted in compression cells to characterize the variation of MRC with degradation time and overburden stress. Set A was conducted on the fresh high-food-waste-content (HFWC)-MSW under different degradation conditions and a sustained stress; Set B was on the fresh HFWC-MSW by alternation of degradation time and incremental stresses; Sets C, D, and E were on fresh HFWC-MSW, zero-food-waste-content (NFWC)-MSW, and decomposed MSW, respectively, being subjected to incremental stresses. The following findings were obtained from the test results: (1) The MRC of fresh HFWC-MSW decreased exponentially with degradation time under a sustained stress. The higher waste temperature or oxygen introduction would result in a faster declining of MRC. (2) The MRCs decreased linearly with a logarithmic increase of stress for all the MSW samples with different food waste contents. The MRC of HFWC-MSW was higher than that of NFWC-MSW under a given stress, and the decomposed MSW took the second place. (3) The variation of MRC appeared to be independent of stress path in terms of stress and degradation time. Based on the test results, the dependencies of the MRC of HFWC-MSW on degradation and stress were interpreted. Then, a time- and stress-dependent model was proposed for predicting the MRC of HFWC-MSW. The model was relatively simple and convenient for design purposes, and was verified by the measured data of leachate production at the pretreatment container of Laogang Incineration Plant. Finally, the model was developed to evaluate the dewatering effect of the HFWC-MSW pile. The strategy of combining the degradationenhancing measures with stress-increasing measures is recommended in a rapid dewatering project. 相似文献
2.
This study proposes a model of syngas production from municipal solid waste （MSW） gasification with air in fixed bed reactors. The model （using Aspen plus simulator） is used to predict the results of MSW gasification and to provide some process fundamentals concerning syngas production from MSW gasification. The effects of gasification temperature, air equiva- lence ratio and moisture concentration on the composition of syngas, lower heating value （LHV） of syngas, heat conversion efficiency, and carbon conversion are discussed. The results indicate that higher temperature improves gasification, and higher air equivalence ratio increases the carbon conversion while decreasing syngas LHV. Heat conversion efficiency increases and reaches the maximum and then decreases with the increase of air equivalence ratio. Higher moisture concentration increases the carbon conversion and increases the heat conversion efficiency at lower ratios. Higher temperature and a lower equivalence ratio are favorable for obtaining a higher LHV of syngas at the same moisture concentration. 相似文献
3.
Auto-ignition and heat release correlations for controlled auto-ignition(CAI)combustion were derived from extensive in-cylinder pressure data of a four-stroke gasoline engine operating in CAI combustion mode.Abundant experiments were carried out under a wide range of air/fuel ratio,speed and residual gas fraction to ensure that the combustion correlations can be used in the entire CAI engine operation range.Furthermore,a more accurate method to compute the residual gas fraction was proposed by calculating the working fluid temperature at the exhaust valve close timing in the experiments.The heat release correlation was described in two parts,one is for the first slower heat release process at low temperature,and the other is for the second faster heat release process at high temperature.Finally the heat release correlation was evaluated on the single cylinder gasoline engine running with CAI combustion by comparing the experimental data with the 1-D engine simulation results obtained with the aid of the GT-Power simulation program.The results show that the predicted loads and ignition timings match closely with the measurements. 相似文献
4.
Based on a systemic survey, the pyrolysis characteristics and apparent kinetics of the municipal solid waste （ MSW） under different conditions were researched using a special pyrolysis reactor, which could overcome the disadvantage of thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The thermal decomposition behaviour of MSW was investigated using thermo-gravimetric （ TG ） analysis at rates of 4.8,6.6,8.4, 12.0 and 13. 2 K/min. The pyrolysis characteristics of MSW were also studied in different function districts. The pyrolysis of MSW is a complex reaction process and three main stages are found according to the results. The first stage represents the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose, with the maximum degradation rate occuring at 150℃ -200 ℃： the second stage represents dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of intermediate products and the differential thermogravimetric （ DTG ） curves have shoulder peaks at about 300℃： the third stage is the decomposition of the residual big molecular organic substance and lignin at 400 ℃- 600 ℃. Within the range of given experimental conditions, the results of non-linear fitting algorithm and experiment are in agreement with each other and the correlation coefficients are over0. 99. The kinetic characteristics are concerned with the material component and heating rate. The activation energy of reaction decreases with the increase of heating rate. 相似文献
5.
High temperature liquid water (HTLW) has drawn increasing attention as an environmentally benign medium for organic chemical reactions,especially acid-/base-catalyzed reactions.Non-catalyzed hydrolyses of gallotannin and tara tannin in HTLW for the simultaneous preparation of gallic acid (GA) and pyrogallol (PY) are under investigation in our laboratory.In this study,the hydrolysis kinetics of gallotannin and tara tannin were determined.The reaction is indicated to be a typical consecutive first-order one in which GA has formed as a main intermediate and PY as the final product.Selective decomposition of tannin in HTLW was proved to be possible by adjusting reaction temperature and time.The present results provide an important basic data and reference for the green preparation of GA and PY. 相似文献
6.
利用公式△H=-0．1196n／A计算了乙醚和丙酮分别在氧气和空气中燃烧反应的温度,并推测了乙醚和丙酮燃烧反应的机理．乙醚在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度理论值为3272K,与测定温度3134K接近,误差为4．40％．丙酮在空气中燃烧反应的火焰温度理论值为1292K,与测定温度173K接近,误差为1．49％．根据乙醚和丙酮燃烧反应的火焰温度,推测乙醚和丙酮燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋hv→2O·;（2）（C2H5）2O→4C＋4H2＋H2O（乙醚）,CH3COCH3→3C＋2H2＋H2O（丙酮）;（3）H2＋O·→H2O＋hv;（4）C＋O·→CO＋hv;（5）2CO＋O2→2CO2． 相似文献
7.
部分气化联合循环发电系统热力性能分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对增压部分气化2种增压流化床(PFB)锅炉半焦燃烧和2种常压流化床(CFB)半焦燃烧的先进增压流化床燃烧联合循环(APFBC-CC)方案,进行了系统热力性能计算, 分析比较了主要参数对系统性能的影响. 结果表明,将PFB锅炉高温烟气引入部分气化炉的方案一避开了高温烟气过滤式除尘器, 但降低了煤气热值和系统效率; 方案二则可获得较高的系统效率, 然而高温过滤式除尘器目前技术上有一定困难, 需降温运行; 方案三、四采用CFB锅炉半焦燃烧系统, 其中方案四采用气化空气/蒸汽预热方法, 不仅可获得较高的煤气热值, 而且可提高系统效率. 相似文献
8.
对Mg和如D4体系,从系统的吉布斯自由能、差热分析确定系统可能发生的反应及反应发生的温度;对体系的绝热温度进行了计算,验证了体系发生原位反应一热爆燃烧合成的可能性。当反应物比例Mg（wt％）：29．1％时,热爆燃烧合成的Fe和MgO纳米复合磁性颗粒分布均匀,平均粒径为40nm,振动样品磁强计VSM测试结果为矫顽力7．4920e,饱和磁化强度78．815emu／g,剩磁0．209emu／g,接近超顺磁性,是很有前景的磁性靶向载体材料。 相似文献
9.
WEN Liang-ying OU Yang-qi BAI Chen-guang WANG Hua 《重庆大学学报(英文版)》2005,4(4):195-198
1 Introduction 1 For pulverized coal injected into a blast furnace, the space from the outlet of the coal gun to the center of the raceway is the key district for the coal’s burning and also for works to probe hearth state. Remarkable achievements have been made in research on numerical simulation of combustion processes [1], but further advances are hindered owing to the limits of the means to examine three-dimension parameter distribution in the furnace. Temperature is the most basic parame… 相似文献
10.
基于设计的试验方案,对常见的生活垃圾如木筷、垃圾袋、棉布及其混合组分进行燃烧试验研究,得出了各组分燃烧特性曲线以及各组分的平均活化能;在此基础上根据各组分燃烧时的平均活化能建立了用于计算各种不同配比混合垃圾活化能的经验公式;通过生活垃圾活化能的试验进行验证,该计算公式简便实用,可运用公式计算混合生活垃圾的活化能。 相似文献
11.
A reduced chemical kinetic model （44 species and 72 reactions） for the homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） combustion of n-heptane was optimized to improve its autoignition predictions under different engine operating conditions. The seven kinetic parameters of the optimized model were determined by using the combination of a micro-genetic algorithm optimization methodology and the SENKIN program of CHEMKIN chemical kinetics software package. The optimization was performed within the range of equivalence ratios 0.2-1.2, initial temperature 310- 375 K and initial pressure 0, 1-0.3 MPa, The engine simulations show that the optimized model agrees better with the detailed chemical kinetic model （544 species and 2 446 reactions） than the original model does. 相似文献
12.
Carcinogenic and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated in coal combustion have caused great environmental health concern. Seventeen PAHs (16 high priority PAHs recommended by USEPA plus Benzo[e]pyrene) present in five raw bituminous coals and released during bituminous coal combustion were studied. The effects of combustion temperature, gas atmosphere, and chlorine content of raw coal on PAHs formation were investigated. Two additives (copper and cupric oxide) were added when the coal was burned. The results indicated that significant quantities of PAHs were produced from incomplete combustion of coal pyrolysis products at high temperature, and that temperature is an important causative factor of PAHs formation. PAHs concentrations decrease with the increase of chlorine content in oxygen or in nitrogen atmosphere. Copper and cupric oxide additives can promote PAHs formation (especially the multi-ring PAHs) during coal combustion. 相似文献
13.
根据福州市近年垃圾产量与成分,分析福州市生活垃圾焚烧可能出现的问题,提出应首先进行分类才能保证生活垃圾焚烧健康、稳定进行,建议采用分步走的方案。为了开展垃圾分类要教育、发动学生,媒体、各种环保组织和社区进行宣传发动和组织,政府建立相应的法规、政策以及采取相应的措施,实施垃圾分类和综合利用才能确保垃圾焚烧良性发展。 相似文献
14.
Carcinogenic and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated in coal combustion have caused great environmental health concern. Seventeen PAHs (16 high priority PAHs recommended by USEPA plus Benzo[e]pyrene) present in five raw bituminous coals and released during bituminous coal combustion were studied. The effects of combustion temperature, gas atmosphere, and chlorine content of raw coal on PAHs formation were investigated. Two additives (copper and cupric oxide) were added when the coal was burned. The results indicated that significant quantities of PAHs were produced from incomplete combustion of coal pyrolysis products at high temperature, and that temperature is an important causative factor of PAHs formation. PAHs concentrations decrease with the increase of chlorine content in oxygen or in nitrogen atmosphere. Copper and cupric oxide additives can promote PAHs formation (especially the multi-ring PAHs) during coal combustion. 相似文献
15.
针对甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢过程,计算了反应体系中可能包含的四个主要反应的化学平衡常数及其随温度的变化：并以蒸汽重整和逆水汽变换反应为独立反应,研究了温度和水醇比对平衡状态的影响。其结果对实验研究选择合适的反应温度和水醇比提供了理论依据,也为催化剂的开发提供了研究方向。 相似文献
16.
引入一种新的预测垃圾产量的方法——组合预测方法,该法能够综合利用不同预测方法提供的信息提高预测精度。结合厦门市1996～2008年的垃圾产量,分析不同预测方法的预测精度,并预测5年后的垃圾产量。通过研究发现:单一预测模型中,线性回归法和年增长率法的预测结果偏小,误差较大,灰色理论GM(1,1)的预测结果偏大,误差较小,基本在10%以内;组合预测模型的预测精度高于单一预测模型;厦门市城市生活垃圾年平均增长率约为10%,低于国民生产总值和社会消费品零售总额年平均增长率,高于城镇居民消费性支出年平均增长率。 相似文献
17.
Sergentanis TN Papadodima SA Evaggelakos CI Mytilinaios DG Goutas ND Spiliopoulou CA 《Anatomical sciences education》2010,3(6):287-294
The reactions of students to forensic dissection encompass psychologico-emotional and physical components. This exploratory study aimed to determine risk factors for students' adverse physical and psychological reactions to forensic dissection. All sixth-year medical students (n = 304) attending the compulsory practical course in forensic medicine in the 2005-2006 academic year were asked to complete a questionnaire at the conclusion of the five-day course. The questionnaire surveyed physical and psychological reactions (outcomes) and 47 student traits, beliefs, and behaviors (risk factors) that might predispose to adverse reactions. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression yielded five independent risk factors for negative psychological reactions: female gender, stereotypic beliefs about forensic pathologists, a less cognitive and more emotional frame of mind relative to forensic dissection, more passive coping strategies, and greater fear of death. The sole independent risk factor for physical symptoms was a less cognitive/more emotional approach to dissection. Students' reactions to forensic dissection integrate a host of inherent and dissection-related risk factors, and future interventions to improve this aspect of medical education will need to take into account the complexities underlying students' experiences with dissection. 相似文献
18.
The quantitative and qualitative composition of Chinese municipal solid waste （MSW） differs significantly from German waste. The focus of this paper is on whether these differences also lead to dissimilar qualities of leachates during storage or landfilling. Leachates ingredients determine the appropriate treatment technique. MSW compositions of the two cities Guilin （China） and Essen （Germany）, each with approx. 600000 inhabitants, are used to simulate Chinese and German MSW types. A sequencing batch reactor （SBR） is used, combining aerobic and anaerobic reaction principles, to test the biodegradability of leachates. Leachates are tested for temperature, pH-value, redox potentials, and oxygen concentration. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） values are determined. Within 8 h, the biodegradation rates for both kinds of leachates are more than 90%. Due to the high organic content of Chinese waste, the degradation rate for Guilin MSW leachate is even higher, up to 97%. The effluent from SBR technique is suitable for direct discharge into bodies of water. 相似文献
19.
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ : ＩｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｓａｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌＳｏｌｉｄＷａｓｔｅ (ＭＳＷ)ｖｏｌｕｍｅａｎｄｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｅｎｅｒ ｇｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ .Ｍｏｒｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｓｐａｉｄｏｎｐｏｌｙｃｈｌｏｒｉｎａｔｅｄｄｉｂｅｎｚｏ ｐ ｄｉｏｘｉｎｓａｎｄｐｏｌｙｃｈｌｏｒｉｎａｔｅｄｄｉｂｅｎｚｏｆｕｒａｎｓ (ＰＣＤＤ Ｆｓ)ｆｏｒｍｅｄｉｎＭＳＷｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ .Ｔｈｉｓｐ… 相似文献
20.
Michael N. Kane 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(1):30-50
BSW and MSW students (N = 183) read one of three vignettes and were asked to respond to 21 items investigating their perceptions about depression, anxiety, and resilience of the vignette's character. While the incidents in each vignette were identical, the main character was (a) a 75-year-old Mr. Jones, (b) a 75-year-old Ms. Jones, or (c) “Imagine you are 75 years old.” The character of each vignette had lost a spouse, was a victim of a mugging, and was exhibiting symptoms of depression and anxiety. The 21 items were analyzed by vignette type using a General Linear Model (GLM) and controlling for student type (BSW, MSW) and ethnocultural identity (member of the dominant or minority group). The GLM was significant (F = 3.020, df = 42, p = .000). There were significant differences among the vignette types in 11 of the 21 items. In general, respondents were more likely to perceive that they would be more resilient and less vulnerable at 75 than other 75-year-old men and women. 相似文献