共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
吴琼 《湖北大学成人教育学院学报》2013,(6):95-97
《物理化学》是一门理论性、逻辑性极为突出的学科,其中的概念、公式、推理方法等知识具有很强的抽象性。运用类比思维的方法,可以帮助学生更容易、更有效地理解这些抽象知识。正确运用类比方法要注意尽量选用学生熟悉的类比源,并指导学生进行科学的类比,防止类比的负迁移发生。 相似文献
2.
Lucia Mason 《Instructional Science》2004,32(4):293-318
The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on the conditions that may promote understanding and abstraction
via structural alignment, that is, through a comparison between two partially understood situations. Structural alignment
is a route to analogical reasoning which differs from the typical route where an analogy is made by eliciting an unknown situation
from a very familiar one. Ninety-nine eighth graders were presented with two pairs of scenarios; the first depicting two phenomena
of heat flow and the second, two phenomena of the changing state of matter. Participants were randomly assigned to five different
conditions which varied in the degree to which they required a comparisonbetween the phenomena in the scenario pairs. For
each pair of scenarios, participants were asked to describe the differences between the two phenomena, explain what happens
in the phenomena, rate the similarity between the two, and justify the ratings. Results show that analogical reasoning was
promoted more in the condition where participants were asked to jointly interpret the phenomena depicted in the scenarios.
For both pairs of scenarios, students in this condition reached a deeper understanding; they were more able to identify alignable
differences between the phenomena, and recognize the abstract and general higher-order relational structure implied by the
perceptually different situations. 相似文献
3.
郑宝山 《南昌教育学院学报》2012,(6):147+149
类比推理是一种特殊的推理形式,也是个体抽象思维的一种主要形式。有些心理学家着重研究与类比推理有关的问题,以期可以找到发展类比推理能力的有效策略,以提高学生学习新知识、新技能等的效率。经过大量研究与调查数据显示,工作记忆的各个子成分与类比推理之间有着密切的联系,工作记忆直接影响着个体类比推理能力的发展。因此,文章主要探讨工作记忆与类比推理的含义,以及工作记忆对类比推理的影响,希望能够为相关研究者提供参考。 相似文献
4.
Relational reasoning, a higher-order cognitive ability that identifies meaningful patterns among information streams, has been suggested to underlie STEM development. This study attempted to explore the potentially unique contributions of four forms of relational reasoning (i.e., analogy, anomaly, antinomy, and antithesis) to mathematical problem solving. Two separate samples, fifth graders (n = 254) and ninth graders (n = 198), were assessed on their mathematical problem solving ability and the different forms of relational reasoning ability. Linear regression analysis was conducted, with participants’ age, working memory, and spatial skills as covariates. The results showed that analogical and antithetical reasoning abilities uniquely predicted mathematical problem solving. This pattern demonstrated developmental stability across a four-year time frame. The findings clarify the unique significance of individual forms of relational reasoning to mathematical problem solving and call for a shift of research direction to reasoning abilities when exploring dissimilarity-based relations (opposites in particular). 相似文献
5.
黄波 《衡阳师范学院学报》1994,(6)
针对数学教学中只注重演绎论证的现状,用实例说明了类比推理是进行发现性数学思维的有效方法;列举数学分析、复变函数、矢量分析等教学中大量可作类比的材料和“用类比推导定理”“用类比寻找习题解法”两教学实例,阐述了类比推理能培养学生举一反三、触类旁通地独立分析问题和解决问题．是数学中进行再创造的主要方法;通过对微分中值定理六种证法思维共性和异性的分析对比,指出了类比教学应因材施教,教师应能广泛而有效地运用类比推理于教学之中,以培养学生创造性思维能力。 相似文献
6.
Abstract reasoning is critical for science and mathematics, but is very difficult. In 3 studies, the hypothesis that alternatives generation required for conditional reasoning with false premises facilitates abstract reasoning is examined. Study 1 (n = 372) found that reasoning with false premises improved abstract reasoning in 12- to 15-year-olds. Study 2 (n = 366) found a positive effect of simply generating alternatives, but only in 19-year-olds. Study 3 (n = 92) found that 9- to 11-year-olds were able to respond logically with false premises, whereas no such ability was observed in 6- to 7-year-olds. Reasoning with false premises was found to improve reasoning with semiabstract premises in the older children. These results support the idea that alternatives generation with false premises facilitates abstract reasoning. 相似文献
7.
《Contemporary educational psychology》2013,38(3):159-169
Working memory is related to children’s ability to solve analogies and other inductive reasoning tasks. The aim of this study was to examine whether working memory also plays a role in training and transfer effects of inductive reasoning in the context of a short training procedure within a pretest-training-posttest-transfer design. Participants were 64 children, aged 7–8 years (M = 7.6 years; SD = 4.7 months). All of the children were pre-tested on inductive reasoning and working memory tasks. The children were trained in figural analogy solving according to either the graduated prompts method or practice without feedback. The children were then post-tested on the trained task and three additional inductive reasoning measures. Regression models revealed that visuo-spatial working memory was related to initial performance on each of the inductive reasoning tasks (r ≈ .35). Children’s improvement from pretest to posttest in figural analogy solving, as measured with item response theory models, was somewhat related to visuo-spatial WM but not verbal WM scores or pretest scores. Furthermore, transfer of reasoning skills to an analogy construction task was related to initial ability, but not working memory; transfer to two inductive reasoning tasks with dissimilar content was not apparent. Performance change and ability to transfer trained skills to new tasks are not often used in psycho-educational assessment but may be separate constructs indicative of children’s learning and change. 相似文献
8.
The relationship between general knowledge (GK) and cognitive ability (IQ and abstract reasoning), learning approaches, and personality (‘big five’ traits and typical intellectual engagement) was investigated in a sample of 101 British undergraduates. As predicted, GK was positively correlated with cognitive ability (more so with IQ than with abstract reasoning), typical intellectual engagement, and openness to experience. A hierarchical regression showed that IQ was the strongest predictor of GK, explaining 26% of GK variance. However, openness (15%) added incremental validity to the variance explained. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings in the field of GK and the personality–intelligence interface. 相似文献
9.
André Didierjean Evelyne Cauzinille-Marmèche 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1998,13(3):385-398
One of the “classical” ways of learning consists of studying examples of already solved problems. In two experiments, we analyzed the degree of abstraction of the knowledge used by ninth grade students to solve algebra problems after studying worked examples. The results showed that there are two processes underlying reasoning by analogy, one that uses abstract knowledge and another that involves case-based reasoning. Both experiments pointed out interindividual differences in the population under study: when given examples, some subjects seem to extract the structure of the solving process by comparing the worked examples, while others focus more on the specifics of each example. To these two processes correspond two levels of transfer: correctly solve problems that have the same structure as the examples, regardless of how similar they are, or be better at solving problems that resemble the examples the most. Experiment 2 used a dual-task paradigm to show that some subjects implement both processes, in which case the mental load is greater. This experiment also showed that both processes can lead to the long-term acquisition of the principles behind the examples. 相似文献
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11.
Anton E. Lawson 《科学教学研究杂志》1992,29(7):729-741
Students in a large one-semester nonmajors college biology course were classified into one of three groups (intuitive—I, transitional—T, reflective—R) based upon a pretest of scientific reasoning ability. Laboratory teams of two students each then were formed, such that all possible combinations of reasoning abilities were represented (i.e., I-I, I-T, I-R, T-T, T-R, R-R). Students worked with their assigned partners during each of the course's 14 laboratory sessions. Gains in reasoning ability, laboratory achievement, and course achievement, as well as changes in students' opinions of their motivation, enjoyment of the laboratory, and their own and their partner's reasoning abilities were assessed at the end of the semester. Significant pre- to posttest gains in reasoning ability by the intuitive and transitional students were found, but these gains were not significantly related to the laboratory partner's reasoning ability. Also, course achievement was not significantly related to the laboratory partner's reasoning ability. Students were perceptive of others' reasoning ability; the more able reasoners were generally viewed as being more motivated, having better ideas, and being better at doing science. Additional results also indicated that course enjoyment and motivation was significantly decreased for the transitional students when they were paired with intuitive students. Apparently, for students in transition (i.e., not at an equilibrium state with regard to reasoning level), it is frustrating to work with a less able reasoner. However, some evidence was found to suggest that reflective students may benefit from working with a less able partner. 相似文献
12.
Bart Vogelaar 《教育心理学》2018,38(7):898-914
This study examined differences in transfer of analogical reasoning after analogy-problem solving between 40 gifted and 95 average-ability children (aged 9–10 years old), utilising dynamic testing principles. This approach was used in order to examine potential differences between gifted and average-ability children in relation to progression after training, and with regard to the question whether training children in analogy problem-solving elicits transfer of analogical reasoning skills to an analogy construction-task. Children were allocated to one of two experimental conditions: either children received unguided practice in analogy problem-solving, or they were provided with this in addition to training incorporating graduated prompting techniques. The results showed that gifted and average-ability children who were trained made more progress in analogy problem-solving than their peers who received unguided practice experiences only. Gifted and average-ability children were found to show similar progression in analogy problem-solving, and gifted children did not appear to have an advantage in the analogy-construction transfer task. The dynamic training seemed to bring about no additional improvement on the transfer task over that of unguided practice experiences only. 相似文献
13.
运用类比思维 培养创新精神 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
王培甫 《河北师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2000,(1)
类比推理所体现的思维方式（即本文中所指的类比思维）具有开放性、开拓性及探索性,在数学教学中适当渗透类比思维的教学,有助于学生创新精神与创造能力的培养,能促使学生思维素质的全面提高。 相似文献
14.
《Learning and individual differences》2007,17(1):3-16
This study examined test-related experiences of enjoyment, anger, anxiety, and boredom in a sample of 2059 German school students (50% female) from grade 6, and how they relate to students' abstract reasoning ability (ARA). Emotions were assessed immediately before, during, and after a mathematics achievement test. Analysis of variance showed that emotions experienced during the test situation differed based on students' ARA level, with correspondence analysis revealing substantial differences between the emotional profiles of different ability groups. Enjoyment proved to be most prominent in students with high ARA, whereas anger and anxiety were predominant for students with low ARA. Boredom was found to be highest among students in the intermediate ARA group. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
15.
类比推理是一种被广泛使用的逻辑推理,并且是一种极富创新精神的思维方式。在知识经济时代,类比推理将会发挥越来越重要的作用。因此,笔者对国内有关类比推理的研究作了扼要的述评,明确了类比推理的定义以及它与归纳、演绎推理的关系,指出类比推理不是纯逻辑的思维,它不仅是逻辑学研究的范畴,还是哲学、心理学等学科研究的对象,其影响和应用的广度、深度都是传统类比推理所不及的。 相似文献
16.
Lucia Mason 《Educational studies》1994,20(2):267-291
This qualitative study aimed at exploring whether students’ successful use of analogy in learning curriculum complex science concepts was related: (a) to the level of their understanding of a specific analogy and (b) to their metacognitive awareness of how the analogy was to be used and of the changes produced in their own conceptual structures. In implementing a biological curriculum unit, students’ prior knowledge has been taken into account in order to examine its conceptual growth and change via a not completely introduced analogy to 15 fifth graders as they were engaged in understanding the ways in which the new concepts (on photosynthesis) were similar to a familiar source (making a cake). Qualitative data present the children's mapping processes in elaborating the analogy and their metacognitive awareness of the meaning and purpose of the analogy itself, and their personal use of the analogy in changing initial conceptions. As hypothesised, the results showed a high positive correlation among the level of conceptual understanding of the new science topic, the level of understanding of the analogy, and the level of effective use of the analogy in integrating the new information into the pre‐existing conceptual structures. Key implications on the use of analogy for conceptual change in the classroom are outlined. 相似文献
17.
Analogical reasoning is believed to be an efficient means of problem solving and construction of knowledge during the search
for and the analysis of new mathematical objects. However, there is growing concern that despite everyday usage, learners
are unable to transfer analogical reasoning to learning situations. This study aims at facilitating analogy use for conjecturing
in discourse-rich mathematics classrooms. We reconceptualized one of the traditional perspectives on analogical reasoning,
called classical analogy, as a more dynamic one by providing learners with the opportunity to choose a target object and its
property. While shifting attention to particular aspects of mathematical activity, we observed and analyzed how students became
aware of hidden relational similarities and utilized them while weakening others to make conjectures. The detailed analysis
of the constructs and processes of several similarity-making and conjecturing activities supports the significance of reconceived
classical analogy use in mathematics classrooms. 相似文献
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19.
类比法是物理学研究中的一种重要推理方法,是从事科学研究必不可少的素养之一。它在提出科学假说,作出科学预言,探索新理论等方面发挥了非常重要的作用。在物理学的发展过程中,许多著名的论断就是通过类比法而创立的。在物理教学中,适当的合理的采用类比法,对于沟通知识的联系,实现知识的迁移,深化教学内容,突破教学难点,提高学习效率,培养学生创新思维能力也是十分有益的。 相似文献
20.
An instrument was developed to assess the logical reasoning capacity of adolescents in the content area of environmental science. Characterized as a group test, the instrument consisted of five concrete experiences related to environmental concepts, to which pencil-and-paper responses were made. The instrument was validated through (1) logical analysis of items from the standpoint of Piagetian theory, (2) correlation with clinical interviews and group test results in physical science, and (3) factor analysis. The results indicated an acceptable level of validity for the instrument in each category. Concurrently, the results of the study indicated that the reasoning level of the subjects was well below the theoretical levels predicted for them by theory. The results also suggested that reasoning ability in environmental science was lower than in areas associated with the physical concepts usually tested. The data suggested the presence of a horizontal decalage, or time lag, between the development of logical reasoning skills in areas of familiarity, such as physical science, and areas of content less familiar to the subject or those in which logical structures may be less frequently used in the development of evaluation instruments. 相似文献