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1.
Luisa Gagliardi 《Research Policy》2019,48(6):1523-1533
This paper analyses how differences in the industry composition of British local labour markets moderate the impact of foreign technological competition in manufacturing on domestic employment, both overall and across subsamples of workers with different skill levels (high, intermediate and low). To this scope, it exploits both variations across industries in the exposure to the introduction of new technologies, and information on how such industries are combined in shaping the industrial structure of each place. The analysis shows that places that specialise in industries undergoing substantial technological competition due to foreign innovation experience a reduction in total employment that is 4.5% larger than places less exposed based on their initial industry mix. This negative performance is mainly explained by a decrease in the employment opportunities for intermediate-skilled workers. Limited support is found for successful adaptation trajectories over time across British local labour markets. 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103803
Do low-skilled workers benefit from the growth of high-technology industries in their local economy? Policymakers invest considerable resources in attracting and developing innovative, high-tech industries, but there is relatively little evidence on the distribution of the benefits. This paper investigates the labour market impact of high-tech growth on low and mid-skilled workers, using data on UK local labour markets from 2009–2015. It shows that high-tech industries – either STEM-intensive ‘high-tech’ or digital economy – have a positive jobs multiplier, with each 10 new high-tech jobs creating around 7 local non-tradeable service jobs, around 6 of which go to low-skilled workers. Employment rates for mid-skilled workers do not increase, but they benefit from higher wages. Yet while low-skilled workers gain from higher employment rates, the jobs are often poorly paid service work, so average wages fall, particularly when increased housing costs are considered. 相似文献
3.
采用AHP主成分分析法,以省际制造业发展指数为依据,把西部各省区分为高、中、低三大产业承接区域,基于2005~2014年西部制造业26个行业数据,从制造业产业价值链的劳动密集、资本密集和技术密集三大环节进行实证研究发现:技术和资金转移是影响西部制造业产业价值链不同环节效率提升的主要原因,人力资本转移次之,东部地区企业规模溢出的效率水平最低,说明当前东部产业转移的规模效应并未实现;制造业产业价值链中资本密集环节对转移要素的吸收效率大于劳动密集环节,技术密集环节最弱,说明当前西部制造业在产业价值链中位置不高,培育本地优势产业和新型技术型产业是进一步承接区际产业转移、实现制造业转型升级的根本途径. 相似文献
4.
基于2001-2014年中国省域创新数据，对区域创新时空演进特征进行测度，并对制造业转移、知识溢出对区域创新空间演进的影响进行分析。结果表明：以2007年为分界，东部地区创新产出份额呈现先增大后减小的倒“U”型变动特征，相应的中西部地区的创新产出份额呈现先减小后增大的“U”型变动特征，而此期间我国制造业则呈现以2004年为分界先向东部地区转移，后再向中西部地区和东北地区转移的时空特征。由制造业区域转移所引起的地区制造业份额的相对变动对区域创新具有显著的正效应，从而在一定程度上缩小了东部地区和中西部地区在创新产出方面的巨大差距。地区制造业专业化和多样化对区域创新的溢出效应显著为正，研发资本投入、地区发展水平、技术市场活跃度对区域创新的影响较为显著。政策启示：充分发挥各地区的比较优势和竞争优势，推动制造业的转型升级和跨区域转移；提高中西部地区的知识吸收能力，以充分利用东部地区制造业转移中的知识溢出。 相似文献
5.
生产者服务业区域发展及其与其他行业互动发展研究——基于投入产出表分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
按照我国三大经济区域的划分,运用国民经济核算司最新统计的全国30个省、自治区2002年投入产出数据,对中国东部、中部、西部生产者服务业进行投入产出分析,对比了东、中、西部的生产者服务业各行业与其他相关行业的相互发展情况,得出东部地区生产者服务业与工业之间的互动发展最融洽,中部次之。东部对生产者服务业的依赖程度最高,西部高于中部。全国生产者服务业中,交通运输及仓储业对其他行业拉动作用最大,同时交通运输及仓储业、批发和零售贸易业对国民经济的制约作用最强。东部地区综合技术服务业发展较强;中部地区租赁和商务服务业对区域国民经济发展拉动作用相对较大,批发和零售贸易业对其制约较强;西部地区邮政业、信息传输、计算机服务和软件业影响力系数高于西部平均水平,而金融保险业、交通运输及仓储业、批发和零售贸易业对其经济发展制约比较大。 相似文献
6.
Previous studies have suggested that technological change is the main cause of the recent increase in demand for highly skilled workers in developed countries. However, a more recent strand of literature has also introduced the “Skill Biased Organisational Change” hypothesis, according to which the increasing diffusion of new organisational practices within firms plays a role in the increasing demand for skilled workers. We estimate a SUR model for a sample of 400 Italian manufacturing firms, showing that upskilling is more a function of reorganisational strategy than a consequence of technological change alone. Moreover, some evidence of superadditive effects emerges, which is consistent with the notion that technology and organisation jointly affect the demand for labour. 相似文献
7.
Francesco Bogliacino 《Research Policy》2010,39(6):799-809
The relationship between innovation and employment is addressed in this article through a model and empirical test at industry level for eight European countries in 1994-2004. We investigate this relationship for manufacturing and services and propose a Revised Pavitt taxonomy (covering both of them) in order to identify specific patterns of technological change and job creation and loss. The contrasting effects of strategies of technological or cost competitiveness are investigated using innovation variables from CIS2 and CIS3. Together with demand, wages and industry dynamics, they account for changes in employees and hours worked. The diversity in these relations across industries is also explored; when the model is applied to each Revised Pavitt class, different mechanisms of technological change and effects on jobs emerge. 相似文献
8.
Innovative, high-technology industries are commonly described as drivers of regional development. ‘Tech’ workers earn high wages, but they are also said to generate knock-on effects throughout the local economies that host them, spurring growth in jobs and wages in nontradable activities. At the same time, in iconic high-tech agglomerations like the San Francisco Bay Area, the home of Silicon Valley, the success of the tech industry creates tensions, in part as living costs rise beyond the reach of many non-tech workers. Across a large sample of U.S. cities, this paper explores these issues systematically. Combining annual data on wages, employment and prices from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Consumer Price Index, it estimates how growth in tradable tech employment affects the real, living-cost deflated wages of local workers in nontradable sectors. Results indicate that high-technology employment has significant, positive, but modest effects on the real wages of workers in nontradable sectors. These effects appear to be spread consistently across different kinds of nontradable activities. In terms of substantive wider impacts, tech appears benign, though fairly ineffectual. 相似文献
9.
采用Ellison和Glaeser设计的产业内集聚水平系数对1986-2006年中国制造业两位数20个分行业的集聚水平进行动态测算,并分别从制造业整体、分行业及其地域分布三个层面对计算结果统计,分析演变趋势。研究结论更进一步表明：中国制造业整体集聚水平呈显著的U型变化趋势,且正处于中度向高度集聚水平迈进阶段;集聚的主导行业已由资源密集型行业向技术密集型行业转变;在地域分布上,东部与中西部地区集聚行业亦有明显差异,技术密集型行业有向东部地区而资源密集型行业则向中西部地区集聚的趋势。 相似文献
10.
摘要：绿色创新已成为推动经济高质量增长与实现生态可持续发展的重要战略结合点。运用SBM模型测算2008-2018年全国内地28省市高技术产业绿色创新效率,构建以高技术产业集聚为门槛变量的面板门槛模型,实证分析创新质量对高技术产业绿色创新效率的影响机理。结果表明：国内高技术产业绿色创新效率在研究期内稳步提升,但尚有较大提升空间;高技术产业绿色创新效率存在明显的空间差异特征,绿色创新效率东部地区>中部地区>西部地区;创新质量对高技术产业绿色创新效率的影响存在基于高技术产业集聚水平的双重门槛效应,企业规模、劳动者素质、政府行为对绿色创新效率具有显著正向影响,对外开放显著抑制绿色创新效率提升。 相似文献
11.
本文基于2007—2017年中国工业土地出让的微观数据和地级市行政审批中心数据,研究行政审批改革对产能过剩行业工业土地出让的影响,对地方政府执行去产能政策的效果进行评估。利用双重差分模型实证分析发现,①地级市设立行政审批中心后,促使地方政府显著减少了产能过剩行业的土地供应;②区分城市类型发现,行政审批中心设立对产能过剩行业土地供应的抑制作用在普通地级市比省会城市效果更大;③地区和行业间存在异质性。行政审批中心设立,显著减少中西部地区城市产能过剩行业工业用地出让,对东部地区城市影响较小;显著减少制造业产能过剩行业工业用地出让,对非制造业影响较小;在制造业内部,对制品业影响减少显著大于加工业。本文的研究结论说明,规范行政审批有助于地方政府减少产能过剩行业的土地出让,从土地供应视角为地方政府落实产能过剩行业去产能政策提供了新的微观证据。根据研究结论,未来应进一步深化行政审批改革;重点深化中西部地区的行政审批改革;采用专项政策推动国企主导的非制造业行业改革;注意制造业内部的产业差异,更多关注以中间品为主的加工品行业的去产能。 相似文献
12.
基于2003-2015年我国省级制造业面板数据,采用两阶段最小二乘法,本文分析了制造业集聚对创新生产率的影响,并进行了区域比较。理论分析表明,制造业集聚主要通过创新投入不断减少和创新产出有效增加,从而推动技术进步或技术效率的提高等作用机制来促进创新生产率提升。实证结果显示,（1）制造业集聚能够有效促进其创新生产率提升,并且技术效率的改善而非技术进步是制造业集聚促进创新生产率提升的主要途径;（2）分区域比较来看,制造业集聚对创新生产率及其分解指标的影响作用在东、中、西部区域之间存在明显的差异。其中,东中西部区域制造业集聚均有利于显著促进其创新生产率提升和技术效率改善,但作用程度之间存在一定的差异,且对技术进步的影响系数虽为正,却不显著;（3）无论是替换核心解释变量,还是分时间段进行回归估计,抑或对制造业集聚对创新生产率影响的作用途径进行检验,上述结果均成立。基于上述研究结论,本文提出了推进我国制造业创新生产率提升的相关政策建议。 相似文献
13.
Departing from research on expanding, high-technology industries, we study the impact of agglomeration in a declining, low-technology industry. The setting is U.S. footwear manufacturing between 1975 and 1991, when import competition rendered local support critical for survival. We examine how agglomeration-related survival benefits depended upon the presence of locally headquartered manufacturing plants and whether such benefits came at the expense of other local industries. Consistent with ecological arguments, plant failure rates were higher in agglomerations but this effect was attenuated and, in some cases, reversed in agglomerations with more locally headquartered plants. Moreover, only locally headquartered plants experienced such benefits; remotely headquartered plants failed at higher rates in agglomerations. Although more footwear manufacturing jobs were retained in agglomerations with many locally headquartered plants, such locales also exhibited lower manufacturing job growth in other industries. These findings lend greater generalizability to agglomeration theories and also imply trade-offs at the community level. 相似文献
14.
中国制造业如何能够在现有生产能力的基础上获得产业升级是一个学术界普遍关注的议题。为此,本文以知识溢出为切入点,通过揭示中、美、德制造业的发展现状及产业升级的路径差异来为中国制造业发展寻找可借鉴的产业升级模式。以近三十年全球2000余种制造业300万条贸易数据作为研究样本,并以中、美、德三国作为研究对象,综合运用社会网络方法、产品空间理论和Logit回归模型,深入探讨了中、美、德制造业知识溢在产业升级过程中的作用机制。研究发现：中国制造业产品空间核心区域的产品尚未形成规模化的生产模式；中国制造业的产业升级更多遵循“渐进性发展”路径,盲目追求知识溢出的效果反而可能带来风险；中国加入WTO以来,不仅能够依靠生产能力累积而实现渐进式产业升级,还可以在产品生产能力累积与知识溢出强度的交互作用下,通过破坏式创新实现产业升级。 相似文献
15.
制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究——以20个制造业为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用产业基尼系数和行业集中度CRn指标对中国20个大类制造业门类的集聚性进行了测度,并对其中主要的3个门类进行了细化研究,得出结论:中国制造产业的总体集聚程度正在不断提高,部分制造业已显现出很强的集中性.且主要集中在东部沿海省市,但一些规模经济和范围经济性强、在国外具有显著集聚特征的行业的集聚性还比较低.同时发现,产业集聚和地方化呈现增长趋势,电子及通讯设备制造业产业集聚程度与工业经济增长呈现高度的正相关性. 相似文献
16.
经济理论服务于经济实践,目前需要理论上为中国的供给侧改革提供更多的经验借鉴。本文对三个知识溢出效应指标,结合制造业进行了新的概念界定。把一些经典的经济学理论应用到本文的研究主题上,构建了全新的适合“中国本土”的理论研究框架。实证分析采用三维动态模型,摒弃了传统的二维静态模型。通过定量分析,找出问题的症结所在,进而有针对性地提出解决之策,以指导实践。政策建议中提出了以下主要观点：制造业空间“热点”和“冷点”的集聚,在更大空间范围上,正是“热冷”的空间异质性表现;为区域经济增长的锁定效应解锁,需要依靠政府更有力的制度供给;时间性制度滞后变量影响不显著,需要更为关注人为因素的制度滞后所导致的制度供需结构性矛盾;制造业的专业化、市场化和区域之间的合作有利于知识溢出;发挥内在经济与外在经济效应,加快制造业向创新驱动型转变;制造业垂直纵深升级发展等。供给侧改革中产业结构调整出现的失业问题,政府不应缺位,提出“予千金”,不如“授一技”的观点,来避免失业率的大幅上升。 相似文献
17.
O. Keck 《Research Policy》1976,5(2):116-157
The trends in West German science policy since the early 1960' are analyzed and compared to other industrially advanced countries. Government expenditures on research and development (R & D) are compared in their totality and also with regard to specific objectives such as defence, civil space, civil nuclear, general advancement of science, mining and manufacturing, agriculture, economic and social services.The trend of total government expenditure on R & D in West Germany iss characterized by a growth rate higher than in many other countries, such as the USA, the UK, France, Japan and the Netherlands. Also in each of the single objectives of government R & D, West German expenditure as a rule grew faster than in these countries. Among the different objectives, “general advancement of science” is given highest priority in West Germany, whereas the military sector is relatively small. In both trends and priorities, West Germany is more similar to Japan and the Netherlands than to the USA, the UK and France.The author discusses motives and intentions which may have affected these trends. He argues that West German science policy cannot be understood as a response to immediate economic problems, such as labour shortage or an alleged lag in technological progress in West German industry. In the early sixties West German science policy was still determined by efforts to catch up in certain technological fields from which West Germany had been excluded up to 1955 by allies' restrictions. In the late sixties, concern focussed on West Germany's long-term technological competitiveness in general. 相似文献
18.
Katrin Schleife 《Research Policy》2010,39(1):173-1521
This paper analyses the regional dimension of the German digital divide. It studies the determinants of home Internet use in Germany on the level of counties as well as on the level of individuals. Based on two large data sets, the analyses show that population density itself cannot explain regional differences in Internet use rates. The results rather indicate that it is the different composition of individual characteristics between rural and urban populations that accounts for the regional digital divide. At individual level, the findings underline the importance of network effects. 相似文献
19.
经过严格筛选、审查后上市的制造业企业往往是各行业的龙头及骨干企业,对它们的规模排名进行分析可以发现我国制造业的若干特征:行业分布体现重化工业特征,企业向东部都市圈聚集,制造业企业效益与规模高度相关,产业集中度较低,企业规模仍然偏小.因此,本文认为应该培育数量更多、规模更大的制造业企业,进一步强化东部都市圈的产业集聚态势,并用新型制造业理念引导企业走可持续发展道路. 相似文献
20.
环境规制、绿色技术创新与中国制造业转型升级 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着中国生态环境的恶化,绿色技术创新已成为环境规制约束下制造业转型升级的重要途径。基于环境规制、绿色技术创新和中国制造业转型升级的作用机理,运用GMM估计法检验环境规制对技术创新及绿色技术创新对制造业转型升级的影响。结果表明,严格的环境规制会促进企业进行绿色技术创新,绿色技术创新与制造业转型升级呈U型关系。进一步将全国样本分为东部地区和中西部地区,检验绿色技术创新对制造业转型升级的区域性差异。结果表明,东部和中西部地区的绿色技术创新水平均位于U型曲线左侧。随着绿色技术创新的不断实施,相比于东部地区,中西部地区会更早到达U型曲线的“门槛值”,实现制造业转型升级。 相似文献