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1.
金华江流域生态服务补偿支付意愿及其影响因素分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
流域环境服务的提供者和与同一环境服务的使用者或受益者在空间上的分离,以及生态补差机制的缺位使生态系统管理者没有通过经济激励去改善环境管理,从而导致环境服务供给不足,服务质量低下.本文利用条件价值法(Contingent Valuation Method,CVM)评估金华江流域居民环境服务的支付意愿,并利用Ordered Probit模型和Binary Probit模型分别分析了最大支付意愿及其支付方式的影响因素.结果显示:金华江流域的居民中有78.4%的居民家庭具有支付愿意,平均最大支付意愿E(WTP)为24.87元/(户·月),年平均最大支付意愿为298.46元/(户·年).最大支付意愿与受教育程度、收入水平呈显著的正相关关系,环境相对经济的重要性对最大支付意愿没有显著的影响,了解生态保护概念的受访者平均最大支付意愿并不高于那些不了解的人,这反映了人们对环境保护的认识与行为偏差和"搭便车"侥幸心理.受教育程度与环境相对经济的重要性越高,则选择交生态补偿税的概率也越高;性别、年龄、是否经历过污染灾害与最大支付意愿对人们支付意愿补偿方式的选择都没有显著的影响.实施生态补偿政策,必须促进上下游农户和居民、相关企业和地方政府等利益相关者直接参与到流域管理和决策中,实现流域环境共建和利益共享,在此基础上构建流域生态补偿体系. 相似文献
2.
处理好流域流经各地政府间的利益均衡问题,是我国流域生态补偿研究和实践中的重点.从博弈论的角度探讨了流域生态补偿中流域上下游地方政府与上级政府间的行为和利益问题,建立了跨区域流域生态补偿府际间三方博弈模型.分析表明:跨区域流域生态补偿需要流域上下游地方政府和上级政府的共同参与,并以确保上游地方政府收益为手段推动流域生态补偿全局;上级政府通过建立健全流域生态补偿的准市场机制,使流域上游地方政府的保护行为和下游地方政府的补偿行为成为府际间三方博弈的长期稳定均衡.最后,还对建立流域生态补偿的准市场机制提出了建议. 相似文献
3.
流域生态补偿机制的关键问题分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文针对处于南水北调中线水源涵养区的陕西省旬阳县的基本情况，探讨了生态补偿的若干理论问题，如为什么要进行生态补偿、谁来补偿和向谁补偿、补偿多少以及如何进行补偿等。笔者认为，由于环境资源产权界定或权利的初始分配不同，造成了流域上下游事实上发展权利的不平等，需要一种补偿来弥补这种权利的失衡以及生态环境保护产生的正外部性；南水北调中线工程下游沿线享受生态服务的地方政府和中央政府应当是提供补偿的主体，而上游水源涵养区的地方政府、企业法人与社区居民等是接受补偿的主体；生态补偿的范围和标准可以分为两部分，包括生态建设和保护的额外成本和发展机会成本的损失；在当前环境资源产权关系界定尚不完善，市场机制还未完全建立的情况下，应强化中央政府对生态补偿的干预力度；在产权界定比较明确，市场经济程度较高的情况，可逐步侧重于利益主体间自愿协商的解决途径。在具体的生态补偿政策实施中，要关注为地方创造发展的机会、空间和政策；生态补偿方式应当多元化；同时要建立生态补偿的监管、评估和激励机制以及合理的干部考核机制。 相似文献
4.
流域水权制度建设是黄河水沙关系调节的关键。本文基于中国水权制度建设框架,回顾了黄河流域水权制度的发展过程,分析了存在的问题和面临的挑战,并提出了完善黄河流域水权制度的建议。黄河流域是中国现代水权制度建设的典范,通过自发和问题驱动机制,流域制定了水量分配方案、开展了水量调度、探索了水权转换和进行了水权明晰。但流域水权制度建设没有完成,存在用水计划没有灵活性、用户没有选择性、交易没有市场以及调度取代取水许可管理等问题。同时,水权制度还面临40年来流域经济、社会和生态环境的剧烈变化,以及水资源量、用水结构和水沙关系的根本性转变。最后,建议黄河流域进一步明晰水权、建立生态和环境水权、构建水权交易机制、转变机构职能和进一步推进水资源监测、计量和管理系统建设。 相似文献
5.
“四江流域‘生态环境保护和可持续发展项目”是一个国际合作项目。本文回顾了自该项目启动以来的实际情况，概括和总结了项目的有益做法和成功经验，对利用好国际资金、技术和管理，做好生态环境保护有指导意义。 相似文献
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7.
旅游生态补偿的市场化路径及其理论解析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
多元化生态补偿制度建设是新时代中国生态文明建设的重要任务,旅游市场化生态补偿机制构建有助于丰富和完善中国生态补偿制度体系。本文运用文献资料梳理和生态经济分析框架,在总结政府主导型、社区参与型等旅游生态补偿实践的基础上,明确了旅游市场化生态补偿的内涵特征、利益主体,并探索其运行的内在机制。结果表明：旅游市场化生态补偿形成生态旅游供需对接平台,具有以市场交易实现生态资源价值、内生性和循环性、参与主体多元性等特征;主要涉及游客、旅游企业、社区居民、当地政府等利益主体;其运行机制是社区居民和旅游企业在有机合作和投入建设基础上,将自然资源和生态系统服务功能生产转换为生态性旅游产品,游客通过付费购买生态旅游产品和服务,形成对旅游企业、社区居民、目的地生态系统的直接和间接补偿,从而构建可持续的“交易—获利—激励—再交易”市场化补偿路径。这一市场化机制运行的前提是自然资源产权的确定,关键是资源生态价值的实现,核心是生态服务功能交易的互动激励,而多方博弈中政府的调节是重要保障。 相似文献
8.
初始水权与内陆河流域水资源分配利益格局调整——以石羊河流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱内陆河流域因缺水而引起的流域下游生态退化及社会矛盾引起全社会广泛重视,而现状水资源分配的优先权体系是造成这些问题的主要原因。本文从制度和产权经济学层面提出以“虚拟的”初始水权概念为媒介,在此基础上建立水权交易的利益补偿机制来解决目前内陆河流域面临的主要问题。并以石羊河流域为例,通过流域自汉代以来分水规则的变化获得经验启示,初始水权分配应该按照公平性、稳定性要求,并与变化了的社会经济条件相适应。据此提出现状条件下水资源初始产权分配宜以农业人口比例为基础,并发现中游凉州区对下游民勤县地表水资源的侵占始于20世纪70年代后半期。以2005年的情况计算,中游凉州区多占下游民勤县水权份额15.15％,合计水量0．97×10^8m^3。对于初始水权分配与现实水资源分配两种不同分配方案之间的差距,通过建立利益补偿机制来解决,促使水资源分配从理论公平走向现实公平。这种思路的提出,对于调整内陆河流域现有的水资源分配格局、实现水权分配由不公平到公平之间的转换提供了桥梁,对于解决我国其他流域面临的水资源问题提供了可操作性方法。 相似文献
9.
干旱内陆河流域因缺水而引起的流域下游生态退化及社会矛盾引起全社会广泛重视,而现状水资源分配的优先权体系是造成这些问题的主要原因。本文从制度和产权经济学层面提出以“虚拟的”初始水权概念为媒介,在此基础上建立水权交易的利益补偿机制来解决目前内陆河流域面临的主要问题。并以石羊河流域为例,通过流域自汉代以来分水规则的变化获得经验启示,初始水权分配应该按照公平性、稳定性要求,并与变化了的社会经济条件相适应。据此提出现状条件下水资源初始产权分配宜以农业人口比例为基础,并发现中游凉州区对下游民勤县地表水资源的侵占始于20世纪70年代后半期。以2005年的情况计算,中游凉州区多占下游民勤县水权份额15.15％,合计水量0.97×108m3。对于初始水权分配与现实水资源分配两种不同分配方案之间的差距,通过建立利益补偿机制来解决,促使水资源分配从理论公平走向现实公平。这种思路的提出,对于调整内陆河流域现有的水资源分配格局、实现水权分配由不公平到公平之间的转换提供了桥梁,对于解决我国其他流域面临的水资源问题提供了可操作性方法。 相似文献
10.
流域生态补偿机制的关键问题分析——以南水北调中线水源涵养区为例 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
本文针对处于南水北调中线水源涵养区的陕西省旬阳县的基本情况,探讨了生态补偿的若干理论问题,如为什么要进行生态补偿、谁来补偿和向谁补偿、补偿多少以及如何进行补偿等.笔者认为,由于环境资源产权界定或权利的初始分配不同,造成了流域上下游事实上发展权利的不平等,需要一种补偿来弥补这种权利的失衡以及生态环境保护产生的正外部性;南水北调中线工程下游沿线享受生态服务的地方政府和中央政府应当是提供补偿的主体,而上游水源涵养区的地方政府、企业法人与社区居民等是接受补偿的主体;生态补偿的范围和标准可以分为两部分,包括生态建设和保护的额外成本和发展机会成本的损失;在当前环境资源产权关系界定尚不完善,市场机制还未完全建立的情况下,应强化中央政府对生态补偿的干预力度;在产权界定比较明确,市场经济程度较高的情况,可逐步侧重于利益主体间自愿协商的解决途径.在具体的生态补偿政策实施中,要关注为地方创造发展的机会、空间和政策;生态补偿方式应当多元化;同时要建立生态补偿的监管、评估和激励机制以及合理的干部考核机制. 相似文献
11.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
15.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
16.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
17.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
18.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3)
<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence 相似文献
19.
Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3):267-268
<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese 相似文献
20.
WANG Sijia 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(2):192-194
<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages. 相似文献