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1.
竞赛规则是体育项目发展的准绳,对运动项目发展起重要的引导和制约作用.方法:采用文献资料法、比较分析法、视频录像法等深入分析竞技健美操难度规则09、13、17版的演进特点,为我国竞技健美操可持续发展提供一些参考.结果显示:连续三版规则中难度总数量呈逐渐下降趋势;C组跳与跃难度数量的统治地位未发生变化;A组动力性难度数量呈... 相似文献
2.
体育动作系统的特性探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
郭建龙 《西安体育学院学报》2006,23(4):82-85
科学地研究体育动作及其众多动作组成的系统是人们认识动作技术,提高动作技能的基础。对动作系统的特性如整体性、综合性、层次性、结构性、环境关联性、功能性、动态稳定性进行了理论诠释和探讨,以期为体育动作学习与竞技技术训练提供理论上的参考。 相似文献
3.
This paper focuses on how ‘ability’ is conceptualised, configured and produced in movement assessment tools. The aim of the study was to critically analyse assessment tools used for healthy and typically developed children. The sample consists of 10 tools from 6 different countries. In the study, we pay special attention to content and evaluation methods. The theoretical analysis explores and discusses what kind of movement ability the tools construct. The theoretical framework is inspired by Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, capital and field which are used as analytical tools to explore how the testing processes and content shape what is regarded as ability. Our findings show both a great variation of concepts and evaluation methods and a narrow view of what is regarded as valuable to assess. The assessed movements are strongly related to traditional sports and construct a specific form of physical capital. None of the tasks assessed take place in natural outdoor environments. Open skills, rhythmical movements to music or tasks including a wider range of flexibility are also absent in the assessment tools. The explored tools and tests assess a limited number of decontextualised movements and produce a narrow view of ‘ability’. Hence, the testing process itself often promotes a child who is physically mature and benefits those who have experience of traditional sports. In other words, the assessed ‘taste for sport’ and the ‘embodied physical capital’ construct what is considered to be legitimate knowledge in relation to movement and physical culture. Accordingly, the social construction of movement ability through assessment tools is far from a neutral concept and could affect how children see themselves and their ‘ability’. 相似文献
4.
近年来,眼动研究在国内发展迅速,眼动仪不但用于基础研究和临床研究中,现在更凸显了非常重要的使用价值。通过对现有文献资料的深入分析,发现运动情景中的眼动研究具有以下几个特点:研究对象大多为运动员、教练员和裁判;实验材料多为运动场景的图片或视频;研究范式一般采用"专家——新手"范式;研究中主要的因变量为眼动特征和决策反应。最后剖析了运动情景中眼动研究的局限,并展望此领域的发展趋势。 相似文献
5.
藤球运动是一项集羽毛球的场地、排球的规则与战术、足球的脚法和踢毽子的技巧为一体的现代社会新兴时尚体育运动。藤球运动具有独特的教育、竞技、娱乐、健身等价值功能,它以独特的运动形式和丰富的文化内涵深受学生的喜爱。文章采用问卷调查、实地访谈、文献资料分析等研究方法对贵州省民族地区部分学校开展藤球运动现状进行调查研究,并针对存在问题提出对策思考,对促进藤球运动进一步在贵州省民族地区学校的普及开展,提高学生的身心健康水平具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
6.
Roger Bartlett Jon Wheat Matthew Robins 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):224-243
This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of “optimal” movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and “representative” trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement “noise” – as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed – is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning. 相似文献
7.
Bartlett R Wheat J Robins M 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(2):224-243
This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of "optimal" movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and "representative" trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement "noise"--as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed--is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning. 相似文献
8.
Qualitative biomechanical principles for application in coaching 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Many aspects of human movements in sport can be readily understood by Newtonian rigid-body mechanics. Many of these laws and biomechanical principles, however, are counterintuitive to a lot of people. There are also several problems in the application of biomechanics to sports, so the application of biomechanics in the qualitative analysis of sport skills by many coaches has been limited. Biomechanics scholars have long been interested in developing principles that facilitate the qualitative application of biomechanics to improve movement performance and reduce the risk of injury. This paper summarizes the major North American efforts to establish a set of general biomechanical principles of movement, and illustrates how principles can be used to improve the application of biomechanics in the qualitative analysis of sport technique. A coach helping a player with a tennis serve is presented as an example. The standardization of terminology for biomechanical principles is proposed as an important first step in improving the application ofbiomechanics in sport. There is also a need for international cooperation and research on the effectiveness of applying biomechanical principles in the coaching of sport techniques. 相似文献
9.
Within electromyography (EMG), a particular speciality has been developed wherein the aim is to use EMG for the study of muscular function and co‐ordination. This area of research is usually called kinesiological EMG. The general aims of kinesiological EMG are to analyse the function and co‐ordination of muscles in different movements and postures, in healthy subjects as well as in the disabled, in skilled actions as well as during training, in humans as well as in animals, under laboratory conditions as well as during daily or vocational activities. This is often done by a combination of electromyographical and kinesiological or biomechanical measurement techniques. Because there are over 400 skeletal muscles in the human body and both irregular and complex involvement of the muscles may occur in neuromuscular diseases and in voluntary occupational or sports movements, it is impossible to sample all of the muscles of the entire body during the performance of complex motor skills. In addition, the measurement of kinesiological EMG in sport and specific field circumstances, such as the track and/or soccer field, the alpine ski slope, the swimming pool and the ice rink, demands a specific technological and methodological approach, adaptable to both the field and the sport circumstances. Sport movement techniques and skills, training approaches and methods, ergonomic verification of the human‐machine interaction have, amongst others, a highly specialized muscular activity in common. The knowledge of such muscular action in all its aspects, its evaluation and its feedback should allow for the optimization of movement, of sports materials, of training possibilities and, in the end, of sports performance. Drawing conclusions from a review of the EMG research of 32 sports, covering over 100 different complex skills, including methodological approaches, is an impossible task. We have attempted to set standards concerning the EMG methodology at the beginning of this review. Electromyography and sports is a vast area and a complete review is impossible, as information will be found scattered in many different journals, including those on the sports sciences, ergonomics, biomechanics, applied physiology, in different congress proceedings, and so on. Consequently, many important aspects and possibly important publications may have been omitted from this review. 相似文献
10.
“阳光体育”运动实施的效果,关系到国家大政方针,关系到学生体质健康状况的改善。文章旨在了解大学实施“阳光体育”运动的状况,扬长避短,更好地促进大学生体质健康状况的改善和提高。本文运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法对大学生进行调查。结论如下：多数学生了解“阳光体育”运动的涵义,并对“阳光体育”运动的口号熟悉;学生体质监测方面,有完备的器材、完善的记录、严格的程序及通报制度,测试人员组织管理有序,操作熟练,但态度一般;课堂教学很好地贯穿体质测试项目,学生能掌握1—2项运动技能,并且多数学生能够每天坚持30分钟体育锻炼;学校及学校体育社团有丰富多彩的体育竞赛及节日,学生活动内容以跑步、篮球和排球为主。建议加强学生“阳光体育”运动的认识,改善测试人员态度,培训学生掌握运动技能,建立学生锻炼监督、评价机制,加强学校体育场馆建设,拓宽学生体育活动形式。 相似文献
11.
我国教练员岗位培训现状分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高立东 《沈阳体育学院学报》2007,26(5):113-115
教练员是发展体育事业特别是发展竞技体育的关键人才,他们在运动场上起主导作用。教练员素质状况直接关系到运动员运动技术水平的提高和群众运动技能的掌握。教练员岗位培训是竞技体育发展的重要基础工作,也是提高教练员素质的一种重要形式。通过文献研究、逻辑分析法对教练员岗位培训工作现状、教练员岗位培训的必要性、制约教练员岗位培训工作的因素进行研究,进一步总结经验和找出差距,为更加完善今后的教练员岗位培训工作提供参考依据。 相似文献
12.
In human movement and sports science, manipulations of perception and action are common and often comprise the control of events, such as opening or closing liquid crystal goggles. Most of these events are externally controlled, independent of the actions of the participants. Less common, although sometimes desirable, are event manipulations that are dependent on the unconstrained movements of participants. As an example, we describe a method we used previously to manipulate vision of basketball jump shooters on the basis of on-line registration of their own movements. The shooters wore liquid crystal goggles that opened or shut as a function of specific kinematic features of these movements. The novel aspect of this method is that the criteria for detecting movement patterns and performing the appropriate manipulations are adjustable to the specific sport context and the complexity and variations of the unconstrained movements. The method was implemented as a finite state machine: a computer system that can be used for pattern recognition. We discuss this method, how it works and the potential it has for studying perceptual-motor skills in sport. Furthermore, the results of the basketball experiment are briefly summarized and complemented with new analyses. 相似文献
13.
In human movement and sports science, manipulations of perception and action are common and often comprise the control of events, such as opening or closing liquid crystal goggles. Most of these events are externally controlled, independent of the actions of the participants. Less common, although sometimes desirable, are event manipulations that are dependent on the unconstrained movements of participants. As an example, we describe a method we used previously to manipulate vision of basketball jump shooters on the basis of on-line registration of their own movements. The shooters wore liquid crystal goggles that opened or shut as a function of specific kinematic features of these movements. The novel aspect of this method is that the criteria for detecting movement patterns and performing the appropriate manipulations are adjustable to the specific sport context and the complexity and variations of the unconstrained movements. The method was implemented as a finite state machine: a computer system that can be used for pattern recognition. We discuss this method, how it works and the potential it has for studying perceptual-motor skills in sport. Furthermore, the results of the basketball experiment are briefly summarized and complemented with new analyses. 相似文献
14.
动作识别运动员在做出动作反应之前,对所知觉的对象进行辨认并将知对象与其他动作区分开来,获得未来动作反应信息的过程。动作识别能力受训练水平的影响,运动员在动作识别能力上的差异是直接影响其在对抗性运动中心理敏捷性或认辞别中工速度的主要因素之一。 相似文献
15.
黄超男 《体育科技文献通报》2020,(4):9-10
侗族拥有丰富绚丽的民族文化,民族体育活动方面,有"民族体育之乡"的称号,完整保留了许多传统体育项目,一些项目被纳为国家少数民族传统体育比赛项目中。哆毽是侗族特色体育项目之一,通过调查发现哆毽项目开展情况不佳,哆毽文化被忽视,其影响因素是传统体育价值观迷失、侗族文化根基被忽视。提出了有关哆毽融变发展的建议,成立"哆毽节"、开办侗族传统体育训练基地、规范哆毽教学内容、哆毽技术动作编程健身操等措施。 相似文献
16.
中国武术短兵运动是一项具有中华民族传统体育特色的新型体育项目,有着自身的特点和作用。文章运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,对中国武术短兵运动的特点和作用进行研究。研究认为：武术短兵运动的特点主要表现在具有鲜明的技击性、浓郁的民族文化风格、技术方法的多样性和广泛的适应性等方面;武术短兵运动的作用主要在于健体防身、培养品德、竞技交流、休闲娱乐等方面。 相似文献
17.
Lena Svennberg 《Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy》2017,22(3):257-269
Background: Physical Education (PE) has been associated with a multi-activity model in which movement is related to sport discourses and sport techniques. However, as in many international contexts, the Swedish national PE syllabus calls for a wider and more inclusive concept of movement. Complex movement adapted to different settings is valued, and in the national grading criteria qualitative measures of movement are used. This research seeks to examine how the wider concept of movement is interpreted and graded. Drawing on Bernstein’s concept of the pedagogic device, the paper explores teachers’ roles as active mediators in the transformation of national grading criteria for movement and the kinds of movement that are valued in teachers’ grading practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate what PE teachers consider legitimate movement in a criterion-referenced grading system and the factors that influence their grading practice. The Repertory Grid (RG) technique was employed in order to access their tacit knowledge. Methodology: Seven Swedish PE teachers were interviewed, all of whom teach and grade years seven to nine in different compulsory schools. Using the RG technique, the teachers were asked to reflect on the aspects they considered important for achieving a high grade. The national grading criteria for years seven to nine were then presented one at a time and the teachers were asked to describe how they assessed and graded each requirement. The teachers were also asked whether any specific factors had influenced their grading. In the content analysis, the second part of the interview was attended to first and the results were interpreted in light of Bernsteins’ concept of the pedagogic device. Findings: Sport techniques and competitive sports influenced the teachers’ interpretations of what constitutes complex movement. The aspect of fitness also appeared to be valued by the teachers in that it facilitates the valued movement. In some cases the difficulty of describing movement qualities in words could reduce the concept of movement to something measurable and quantifiable. The teachers’ concerns about students’ unequal opportunities to develop and demonstrate their skills also influenced the teachers’ interpretation of complex movement. Conclusions: In the transformation of national grading criteria to grading practice, the pedagogic actions taken inform and limit the way in which legitimate movement in PE is conceptualised. Adopting a concept of movement that is wider than competitive sports allows the structures of inequality to be addressed and enables the movements performed by students with other moving experiences than competitive sports to be valued. The tension between the demands of transparency in a high stakes grading system and the inability to articulate the quality of complex movements is problematic. There is a need to verbalise teachers’ conceptions about physical education knowledge to be able to discuss and develop the concept of movement. In this process, the RG technique is a potentially useful tool. Having the language to discuss movement qualities also enables us to strengthen the interrelation between curriculum, pedagogy and assessment. 相似文献
18.
随着运动训练的科学化、专门化及针对性的日益加强，我们认为掷标枪的技术与能力的结合是否完美，则集中体现在投掷的动作速度上。本文将围绕最后用力阶段的投掷动作速度问题，从决定动作速度的几个因素出发进行分析论证，并提出对标枪运动员的训练特点。 相似文献
19.
李小妮 《体育科技文献通报》2014,(1):22-23
太极柔力球是一项简单易学,具有观赏性、竞技性、健身娱乐的运动,它具有我国的民族特色,是将太极融入其中的新兴运动项目。本文运用文献资料法,查阅大量有关太极柔力球运动的期刊,研究太极柔力球的起源,运动特征,以及太极柔力球运动对大学生身心健康的影响。结果表明,太极柔力球运动对大学生身体形态、心血管与呼吸系统、身体素质;心理素质、心境方面都有着重要的促进作用。 相似文献
20.
冬季冰上课是我国北方地区的特色体育课程,对发展学生的身体素质、意志品质、社会适应能力具有良好的促进作用,但效果居高不下的运动损伤发生率是制约普通高校冬季冰上课程发展的瓶颈。运用问卷调查法、数理统计法与逻辑分析法,对普通高校冬季冰上课运动损伤的特点及发生规律进行研究,结果表明,学生在冰上课上的受伤率高达24.1%;下肢受伤率为65.6%,是受伤率最高的部位;技术动作不到位、安全意识薄弱、准备活动不充分、未听从教师管理与指导、有害怕和恐惧心理、教师课堂管理松散、教学内容太难、冰面质量不好、恶劣的天气条件等是引发运动损伤发生的原因;提出着力推进安全意识与防护技能教育,课堂教学的科学管理,加强场地与器材的维护,风险规避或转移等措施积极预防大学生运动损伤的发生。 相似文献