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1.
Tom Penfold 《Sport in Society》2019,22(3):384-398
Soft power is a two-step process. First, countries need to possess national cohesion and international credibility. Second, they can then project certain marketable images to other countries. When transferred into a discussion of sports, it can be argued that sporting mega-events have become important arenas through which to exercise aspects of this soft power matrix. This article considers Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympics Games. I seek to understand whether they successfully promoted national cohesion by renewing a Brazilian national identity and healing social divisions. The result, I argue, is largely negative. Neither the World Cup nor the Olympics spread the message of national cohesion hoped for by the political establishment that successfully bid for the events. Instead sporting mega-events in Brazil provided a unity of protest and only the hope, that in time, the periphery can be heard over the centre. 相似文献
2.
The significance of sport, especially mega sport events, has been widely acknowledged as contributing to the development of nationalism and national identity.1 The use of the National Games by the nationalist government to promote Chinese nationalism and manage national identity in the Republic of China from 1910 to 1948 is examined in this paper. It begins with an interpretation of how Western sport was introduced to China, how China achieved its sovereignty of sport and how sport aided national salvation and nation-building. It examines the birth and the development of Chinese National Games, and the interplays of National Games and nationalism in the context of political and economic perspectives. It concludes that the promotion of National Games met the demands of China's national salvation and the principles of Chinese nationalism such as sovereignty, territorial integrity and patriotic sentiments. The National Games in the Republican China era played a role that was more than that of a sport event but one of shaping Chinese independent nationhood and national identity. 相似文献
3.
This article examines how a public relations crisis in the sport realm develops when national identity issues are at stake. Based on the media coverage of the All Blacks Rugby World Cup jersey crisis, and drawing on the concept of rhetorical arena, we explore Adidas's crisis communication strategies, identify and summarise the responses, actions, and interactions of various parties involved in the crisis. We consider how these parties influence the development of the crisis in what we call the ‘national rhetorical arena’. The article illustrates the power of the national rhetorical arena and its many voices to align over issues of national identity against a foreign sponsor making use of a national icon. When sponsoring national sport teams, foreign sponsors need to be aware they are only borrowing, not appropriating, important signifiers of national identity. They should make sure they do not impede the national public’s perceived entitlement to their national icons as any act of disrespect towards national identity is felt very strongly. In a crisis, they need to identify the potential voices in the national rhetorical arena, not underestimate the role of national media to shape and bring together these voices, not downplay the power of the national public, and not underestimate the strong undercurrent of nationalism especially during sport mega events. 相似文献
4.
Tom O. Mitchell Mark Nesti David Richardson Adrian W. Midgley Martin Eubank 《Journal of sports sciences》2014,32(13):1294-1299
AbstractThis study is the first empirical investigation that has explored levels of athletic identity in elite-level English professional football. The importance of understanding athletes’ psychological well-being within professional sport has been well documented. This is especially important within the professional football industry, given the high attrition rate (Anderson, G., & Miller, R. M. (2011). The academy system in English professional football: Business value or following the herd? University of Liverpool, Management School Research Paper Series. Retrieved from http://www.liv.ac.uk/managementschool/research/working%20papers/wp201143.pdf) and distinct occupational practices (Roderick, M. (2006). The work of professional football. A labour of love? London: Routledge). A total of 168 elite youth footballers from the English professional football leagues completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). Multilevel modelling was used to examine the effect of playing level, living arrangements and year of apprentice on the total AIMS score and its subscales (i.e., social identity, exclusivity and negative affectivity). Football club explained 30% of the variance in exclusivity among players (P = .022). Mean social identity was significantly higher for those players in the first year of their apprenticeship compared to the second year (P = .025). All other effects were not statistically significant (P > .05). The novel and unique findings have practical implications in the design and implementation of career support strategies with respect to social identity. This may facilitate the maintenance of motivation over a 2-year apprenticeship and positively impact on performance levels within the professional football environment. 相似文献
5.
Organisations are using social networking sites to promote themselves and communicate with their stakeholders. This new medium has also found its way in the promotion of sporting events. In this article, the social network site of the 27th SEA Games in Myanmar 2013 was examined to understand its role in communicating with spectators and fans of the sporting event. The activity on the official Facebook page of the event was analysed by examining the posts by the organisers and comments by members of the social network site. In addition, the analysis also examined the issues that were surfaced on the social network site. The findings show that organisers of sports events did not leverage on the medium to encourage participation from members. Activity on the social media peaked during the event but tapered off after the event. 相似文献
6.
为促进办赛为民目标的实现,借助心理学相关概念和中介变量分析过程,以广州亚运会为个案,对举办城市居民民生举措满意度在民生举措社会知觉与居民凝聚力之间的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,在亚运会期间,当地居民对政府采取民生举措的社会知觉能够有效预测其居民凝聚力;居民的民生举措满意度在就业保障、生态环保和娱乐休闲等三大举措社会知觉与居民凝聚力的关系中承担着部分中介的功能,对其他民生举措社会知觉与凝聚力之间起到完全中介的作用。 相似文献
7.
Henk Erik Meier Till Utesch Charlotte Raue Christina Uhlenbrock Nabila Chababi Bernd Strauss 《Sport in Society》2019,22(3):476-498
It is commonly assumed that sport plays an important role for national identity. However, empirical research has primarily focused on sport’s role for emotional-affectice rather than cognitive aspects of national identity. Therefore, research presented here explores whether identification with the German national soccer team serves to reinforce ethnic or civic conceptions of national identity. Analyses of a unique dataset conducted during the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016?EURO show that national team identification is an important determinant of national pride and national belonging. Respondents who identify with the national soccer team can adhere to different conceptions of national identity. It seems that national pride and affection as well as conceptions of national identity represent stable attitudes not affected by the success of the national team. Further research should improve conceptual clarity and measurement. 相似文献
8.
Mega events have recently attracted the attention of social scientists due to their important role for festival capitalism, urban regeneration and political propaganda. Their planning stage often produces elaborate strategies for maximising the benefits before, during and after the actual event, which has given rise to interdisciplinary studies of event legacy and leveraging. This paper aims to advance ongoing debates on the outcomes of sports mega events by bringing together the literatures on mega event legacy, leveraging and actor-network theory. Drawing on a case study on the usage of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, the main legacy of the London 2012 Olympic Games, the paper develops a novel conceptual framework for researching the multi-scalar outcomes of mega events and locating respective studies within the resulting wider research agenda. The proposed concept extends Preuss' (2007) legacy cube in two ways by visualising its five research dimensions in what we call the ‘legacy rings’ and by using three rather than two sub-dimensions per ring, thereby replacing the often restrictive dyads of dualistic thinking through more comprehensive but still understandable triads of triadic thought (Jöns, 2006, 2018). 相似文献
9.
Mark W. Bruner Ian D. Boardley Veronica Allan Zach Root Sara Buckham Chris Forrest 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(20):1963-1974
Social identity – identity formed through membership in groups – may play an important role in regulating intrateam moral behaviour in youth sport (Bruner, M. W., Boardley, I., & Côté, J. (2014). Social identity and prosocial and antisocial behavior in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.003). The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine this potential role through stimulated recall interviews with competitive youth-ice-hockey players. Twenty-three players (Mage = 13.27 years, SD = 1.79) who reported engaging in high, median or low frequency of antisocial teammate behaviour (determined through pre-screening with the Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour in Sport Scale [Kavussanu, M., & Boardley, I. D. (2009). The prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 97–117. doi:10.1123/jsep.31.1.97]) were recruited from eight youth-ice-hockey teams in Canada. Interviews involved participants recalling their thoughts during prosocial/antisocial interactions with teammates, prompted by previously recorded video sequences of such incidents. Thematic analysis of interview data revealed all athletes – regardless of reported frequency of intrateam antisocial behaviour – felt prosocial interactions with teammates enhanced social identity. In contrast, the perceived influence of antisocial teammate behaviour on social identity differed depending on athletes’ reported frequency of intrateam antisocial behaviour; those reporting low and median frequencies described how such behaviour undermines social identity, whereas athletes reporting high frequency did not perceive this effect. The study findings highlight the potential importance of intrateam moral behaviour and social identity for youth-sport team functioning. 相似文献
10.
张良祥;姚大为;吴巍;宋智梁;于亮;杨万森;卜建华 《辽宁体育科技》2013,(4):60-62,70
运用文献资料、实地访谈、问卷调查等研究方法,对达斡尔族传统体育项目和社会功能及发展进行研究,结果表明:达斡尔族传统体育项目内容丰富多彩,展现了民族地域特有的文化,具有民族凝聚、文化传承、健身、娱乐等重要的社会功能。达斡尔族传统体育应从创新民族传统体育及其文化、依托学校教育阵地、打造民族品牌和赛事、拓展公众参与途径、利用节日、加强文化研究等几方面进行发展。 相似文献
11.
AbstractMore than six decades after the end of the Korean War (1950–53), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) continue to face each other across the highly fortified Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula. Both Korean governments continue to maintain and reinforce a pan-Korean identity amongst its respective populations. At the same time, both states need to provide its respective citizens with distinct national identities, which obviously requires a politically difficult and highly delicate balancing act. The focus of this paper is on the dominant identity discourses in South Korea. These have been observed, interpreted and analyzed in five international events and festivals that the South hosted over the last three decades: the 1988 Seoul Olympics, the 2002 Soccer World Cup (co-hosted with Japan), the Busan Asian Games in the same year, the 2011 Daegu World Athletic Championships and the 2014 Incheon Asian Games. All these events offered a distinctive nationalist flavour, celebrated tradition and modernity, and emphasized South Korea’s rapid 20th century development and achievements, but also served as a reminder of the ethnic homogeneity of the divided Korean people and the unjust political division of the Korean peninsula. 相似文献
12.
Mickaël Campo Stéphane Champely Benoît Louvet Elisabeth Rosnet Claude Ferrand Janet V. T. Pauketat 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2019,90(1):54-63
Purpose: In team sports, players have to manage personal interests and group goals, emphasizing intricacies between personal and social identities. The focus of this article was to examine the effect of identity mechanisms on appraisal processes, based on the following research question: Does the level of self-abstraction (low [personal identity] versus high [social identity]) lead to group-based emotions and influence performances? Method: An experimental design was used in which the level of self-abstraction was manipulated through the induction of a self- versus a team-oriented goal. Thirty elite male rugby players (Mage = 19.06, SD = 0.78, randomly split) participated in a match reproducing conditions similar to those of official games. Individual and perceived team-level emotions and performance were measured 17 times during the match. Results: Linear Mixed Effects models showed that a high level of self-abstraction: (a) led to more positive and less negative individual (variances explained: 52% and 46%) and perceived team-referent (variances explained: 57% and 40%) emotions; (b) reduced the correlation of team-referent emotions with individual ones; and (c) positively influenced team and individual performances (variances explained: 50% and 19%). Moreover, after controlling for potential effects of the level of self-abstraction, only positive team-referent emotions influenced performance. Conclusions: This study is the first to experimentally manipulate athletes’ social identity to examine group-based emotions in sport. Challenging the usual intrapersonal approaches, these findings suggested that social identity and its association with team-referent emotions could be one of the key dimensions of emotion-performance relationships in team sports. 相似文献
13.
Richard Shipway Katherine King Insun Sunny Lee Graham Brown 《Journal of Sport Tourism》2016,20(1):21-39
Sport tourism experiences are subjective and emotional, laden with symbolic meaning. This study explores the experiences of participants who adopted the multiple roles of both an active participant and event spectator, within the parameters of one chosen sporting event. A professional cycling race event, the Tour Down Under in South Australia was chosen for this investigation, and 20 face-to-face individual interviews were conducted with cycle tourists. The three main themes emerging from the data were the interaction of people and temporary spaces on a sport tourism ‘stage’; the co-creation of authentic personal experiences and meanings; and identity reinforcement and the development of a sense of belonging. Consequently, a model for understanding sport event tourism experiences is proposed. The findings suggest that providing tourists with authentic and memorable experiences lies at the heart of what constitutes sport tourism. Whilst the results demonstrate that cycling events provide the individual with a sense of belonging or membership to a wider social group, they also illustrate that there is a continued need for more focused and nuanced approaches towards understanding sport tourism experiences that reflect the ever-increasing diversity and complexity of the interaction between sport, events and tourism. 相似文献
14.
《Sport Management Review》2020,23(3):414-427
Team identity threat is an area of growing interest in sport consumer behaviour. Despite scholars’ calls for examinations of prolonged threat in the context of sustained team performance failure, researchers have not yet answered the call. In the current study, the authors use social identity as a theoretical lens, interviewing fans of a historically poor-performing team. Results indicate such fans cope with prolonged threat through social creativity and competition; they also perceive their social identity as distinct. More critically, the authors find that the identity threat experienced by these fans is not just unique due to the duration of threat, but also the threat’s salience and overall impact on the identity meaning. In light of findings and existing literature, the authors introduce spectrums that illustrate the different types of threat fans may experience. Because identity threat differs contextually, these spectrums are understood as blurry. 相似文献
15.
《Sport Management Review》2015,18(3):396-406
Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) describes individuals’ tendency to publicly affiliate themselves with successful others. Within sport, scholars have provided foundational knowledge pertaining to BIRGing; however, they have not deeply engaged with sport fans to understand the influence of multiple group identities in celebrating team success. Using social identity theory and social identity complexity as theoretical frameworks in the current study, I conduct qualitative research with sport fans to understand how multiple group identities influence fan behaviours in response to team performance. I discover that fans (1) BIRG and blast for an enhanced sense of inclusiveness and distinctiveness, and (2) possess multiple, ordinarily inclusive group identities, which converge into a highly exclusive social identity structure immediately before, during, and after games against rivals. I conclude by discussing the potential theoretical and managerial implications regarding multiple group identities in sport contexts, as well as directions for future research. 相似文献
16.
奥运会对提升国民凝聚力心理因素的分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以哲学和社会学为视角 ,以社会心理学、心理学理论和体育学为基础 ,运用文献法、访谈法和比较法等方法 ,对奥运会提升国民心理凝聚力、凝聚力构成因素及条件、产生社会效益等问题进行分析 ,认为奥运会对振奋民族精神、唤醒民族意识、维系民族情感具有显著作用 ,同时也丰富凝聚力理论外延与内涵。 相似文献
17.
Abstract Athletic identity is the extent to which an individual identifies with being an athlete. Strong “running” role identity may contribute to increased restrictive dieting behaviours, potentially placing such individuals at risk for eating disorders. In this study, we examined differences in eating and exercise behaviours/attitudes and athletic identity in obligatory versus non-obligatory runners. Male and female participants completed a battery of questionnaires including the Eating Disorder Inventory, Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ), and Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). OEQ scores ≥50 were indicative of obligatory exercise. The non-obligatory runners (n = 82) and obligatory runners (n = 91) were compared on the various measures. Obligatory runners scored significantly higher (P < 0.002) on all of the eating attitudes/disorder measures, and the AIMS (P ≤ 0.006). Scores on the AIMS were correlated with all disordered eating measures (P < 0.05). Exercising to maintain identification with the running role may be associated with pathological eating and training practices. 相似文献
18.
赛事认同关乎标志性体育赛事的长期稳定发展。基于认同理论,运用Bootstrap、线性回归方法展开赛事认同对标志性体育赛事发展影响机理的实证研究。结果显示:赛事认同对标志性体育赛事中赛事质量、赛事环境、赛事营销和赛事管理服务均具有显著的影响;赛事品牌形象在赛事认同与赛事环境和赛事管理服务的影响关系间具有部分中介作用;举办地意向在赛事认同与赛事质量、赛事环境和赛事营销的影响关系间具有部分中介作用;参与意愿在赛事认同与赛事质量、赛事环境、赛事营销和赛事管理服务的影响关系间具有部分中介作用;感知价值在赛事认同与赛事管理服务的影响关系间具有部分中介作用;感知综合实力分别对赛事认同与赛事质量、赛事环境、赛事营销、赛事管理服务的影响关系起调节作用。研究证明了赛事认同与标志性体育赛事发展的关系路径,为促进我国标志性体育赛事高质量发展提供理论参考与实践支撑。 相似文献
19.