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1.
Juhani Lehto 《教育心理学》1995,15(3):271-281
Two experiments explored the relationship between 15‐16‐year‐old ninth‐formers’ working memory (WM) capacity and school achievement. In the first experiment, WM capacity was measured administering complex WM span tests on 107 subjects. These measures correlated highly significantly with performance in four school subjects: mathematics, foreign language, Finnish (native language) and geography. In the second experiment, additional WM tasks were used to measure two WM components: the phonological loop and the central executive component as suggested by Baddeley (1986). The tasks that were assumed to measure the central executive were strongly linked to performance in school subjects. Maximally, they shared 31 % of the variance with school achievement. Partial correlations showed that digit span correlated, independently of the central executive measures, with performance in foreign language. This result suggested that the phonological loop is specifically related to foreign language learning. The relationship between WM and the general intelligence factor g is discussed. 相似文献
2.
This article examines working memory functioning in children with specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills as defined by ICD-10. Ninety-seven second to fourth graders with a minimum IQ of 80 are compared using a 2 x 2 factorial (dyscalculia vs. no dyscalculia; dyslexia vs. no dyslexia) design. An extensive test battery assesses the three subcomponents of working memory described by Baddeley (1986): phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad, and central executive. Children with dyscalculia show deficits in visual-spatial memory; children with dyslexia show deficits in phonological and central executive functioning. When controlling for the influence of the phonological loop on the performance of the central executive, however, the effect is no longer significant. Although children with both reading and arithmetic disorders are consistently outperformed by all other groups, there is no significant interaction between the factors dyscalculia and dyslexia. 相似文献
3.
Specific impairment in developmental reading disabilities: a working memory approach 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Children with developmental reading disabilities (RD) frequently display impaired working memory functioning. However, research has been divergent regarding the characteristics of the deficit. Our investigation addressed this controversy by assessing Baddeley's working memory model as a whole rather than focusing on particular aspects of it, as has been done by much of the research to date. Participants included 20 children with RD and 20 typical readers between the ages of 9 and 13. The phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad, and central executive were assessed according to Baddeley's model. The results demonstrated that children with RD have an impaired phonological loop but intact visual-spatial sketchpad and central executive functioning as compared to controls. In terms of the phonological loop, the deficit appears to be specific to the phonological store. Furthermore, our research supports a relationship between phonological processing and phonological loop functioning. 相似文献
4.
工作记忆与学习能力的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
工作记忆是一种对信息进行暂时加工和贮存的能量有限的记忆系统,工作记忆通过阅读理解、写作和数学问题解决而影响学生的学习能力。语音回路对阅读的影响更多地体现在复杂句子结构的理解上,中央执行功能在语言意义的加工过程中起着更大的作用,写作能力的逐步完善与工作记忆能力的增长密不可分,工作记忆的三个成分对简单和复杂数学问题解决都产生重要影响。 相似文献
5.
Thais Barbosa Monica Carolina Miranda Ruth F. Santos Orlando Francisco A. Bueno 《Reading and writing》2009,22(2):201-218
One of the most usual flaws that lead to literacy disability regards cognitive difficulties and alterations some children
present in the literacy process. Many studies have found alterations in phonological processing, more specifically in phonological
working memory (PWM) and phonological awareness (PA). Therefore, our aim was to identify alterations in skills of phonological
working memory, phonological awareness and language (semantic, syntactic and phonological aspects) of Brazilian children with
literacy disabilities (age 7–8). They were divided into two groups: (1) Group of Normal Literacy (NL); and (2) Group With
Literacy Disabilities (LD). The evaluation comprised tests that assessed general cognitive functions and the skills at stake.
The LD presented a poorer performance than the NL in the skills of PWM, PA and language aspects. The factor analysis showed
that these skills prevailed in differentiating the groups. Thus, children with literacy disabilities presented deficits in
phonological processing and language. These deficits seem to be a result of alterations of the phonological representations
and poor language skills that are prior to the literacy period. Consequently, we believe that the early identification of
these alterations can be very useful for the prevention of future literacy problems. 相似文献
6.
The aim of the two studies presented in this article was to examine working memory performance in Dutch children with various subtypes of learning disabilities. The performance of children with reading disabilities (RD) was compared to that of children with arithmetic disabilities (AD), children with both reading and arithmetic disabilities (RAD), and chronological age-matched controls (CA). Measures covered the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive. In both studies, the children with RD showed no working memory deficits whatsoever. Children with AD showed a single impairment on the task tapping working memory for dynamic visual information. Children with RAD performed lower only on the digit span backward task. The failure to replicate the expected working memory deficits in children with reading-related disabilities is discussed. 相似文献
7.
8.
Differential contribution of specific working memory components to mathematics achievement in 2nd and 3rd graders 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Meyer ML Salimpoor VN Wu SS Geary DC Menon V 《Learning and individual differences》2010,20(2):101-109
The contribution of the three core components of working memory (WM) to the development of mathematical skills in young children is poorly understood. The relation between specific WM components and Numerical Operations, which emphasize computation and fact retrieval, and Mathematical Reasoning, which emphasizes verbal problem solving abilities in 48 2nd and 50 3rd graders was assessed using standardized WM and mathematical achievement measures. For 2nd graders, the central executive and phonological components predicted Mathematical Reasoning skills; whereas the visuo-spatial component predicted both Mathematical Reasoning and Numerical Operations skills in 3rd graders. This pattern suggests that the central executive and phonological loop facilitate performance during early stages of mathematical learning whereas visuo-spatial representations play an increasingly important role during later stages. We propose that these changes reflect a shift from prefrontal to parietal cortical functions during mathematical skill acquisition. Implications for learning and individual differences are discussed. 相似文献
9.
This study investigated the effect of individual differences in state anxiety on tasks tapping the central executive, phonological, and visuo‐spatial components of working memory (WM). It was designed to test Eysenck and Calvo’s processing efficiency theory (PET) which suggests that the phonological and executive components of WM may be important in understanding learning outcomes in anxiety. Typically‐developing children aged 9–10 years were split into high and low state anxiety groups. They performed three WM tasks – forward and backward digit span (assumed to measure phonological and central executive components of WM respectively) and a spatial working memory task (measuring the visuo‐spatial component of WM). Measurements of task accuracy were taken as an indicator of performance outcome or effectiveness. Time taken to complete tasks and a subjective rating of mental effort were taken as measurements of performance efficiency. No differences were found between high and low state anxiety groups in task accuracy for any measure. Children in the high state anxiety group, however, took longer to complete the backward digit span task and reported increased mental effort in the forward digit span task, indicating some effect of anxiety on measures of performance efficiency. 相似文献
10.
Previous research has demonstrated close relationships between working memory and children's scholastic attainment. The aim of the present study was to explore a method of improving working memory, using memory strategy training. Two hundred and fifty‐four children aged five to eight years were tested on measures of the phonological loop, visuo‐spatial sketchpad and central executive components of the multiple component model of working memory. Subgroups of children also completed tasks of following instructions and mental arithmetic in the classroom, and standardised tests of reading, arithmetic and mathematics. Half of the children then used Memory Booster, a computer game that teaches memory strategies, over a period of six to eight weeks. All the children were then retested on the memory and ability measures. The standardised tests were also administered five months later. The results revealed that working memory strategy training resulted in significant improvements in tasks assessing the phonological loop and central executive components of working memory, and tasks assessing following instructions and mental arithmetic in the classroom. However, no improvements were observed on standardised tests of reading, arithmetic or mathematics, either immediately following training or five months later. The results are discussed in terms of implications for educational practice. 相似文献
11.
《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(2):165-198
Recent theoretical advances in working memory guided analyses of cognitive measures in 122 children with dyslexia and their 200 affected biological parents in families with a multigenerational history of dyslexia. Both children and adults were most severely impaired, on average, in three working memory components— phonological word-form storage, time-sensitive phonological loop, and executive functions involving phonology. Structural equation modeling showed that, for children, first-order factors from the phonological, orthographic, and/or morphological word forms uniquely predicted 11 reading and writing outcomes but, for adults, a second-order factor (reflecting interrelationships among the three first-order word-form factors) was more likely to be significant in predicting the same reading and writing outcomes. Structural equation modeling of the three working memory component factors showed that the most consistent predictor of text-level reading and writing for both children and adults was the second-order word-form factor. Phonological loop and executive support could be modeled as separate factors in children but only as combined factors in adults. Executive support in children and combined phonological loop and executive support in adults contributed uniquely to oral reading but did not contribute uniquely to reading comprehension or written expression. For both children and adults, individual differences occurred as to which of the three working memory components or three word forms fell outside the normal range. 相似文献
12.
Anies Al‐Hroub 《British Journal of Special Education》2010,37(1):25-38
Phonological awareness is a key factor in the development of literacy, and frequently presents itself as an area of weakness in pupils with reading difficulties. In this article, Anies Al-Hroub of the American University of Beirut sets out to define a distinguishing pattern of characteristics that supports the identification of pupils with specific learning difficulties who are gifted in mathematics and reports the assessment of the pupils' visual and auditory perceptual skills, including phonological awareness. The assessments were designed to measure auditory and visual memory skills, auditory and visual analysis skills, speed of information processing and spoken language (receptive and expressive). Furthermore, aspects of language learning such as reading, writing, spelling and parts of listening ability were all assessed for mathematically gifted pupils with specific learning difficulties who scored above the cut-off score of 120 on the WISC-III-Jordan. The article closes with recommendations for further research. 相似文献
13.
《Learning and individual differences》2004,14(3):137-151
It has been suggested that the ability to learn a foreign language is related to working memory. However, there is no clear evidence about which component of working memory may be involved.Two experiments investigated working memory problems in groups of seventh and eighth grade Italian children with difficulties in learning English as a second language. They were compared with control groups of children matched for age, education, school, and intelligence who differed for foreign language learning ability.Experiment 1 focused on clarifying how modality-specific the memory problem of children with a foreign language learning difficulty (FLLD) is. Verbal working memory tasks (forward and backward digit span) were proposed together with visuospatial working memory (VSWM) tasks. Groups showed a significant difference only in the more passive verbal working memory task, that is, the forward digit span.Experiment 2 focused on clarifying how central the verbal working memory problem of students with an FLLD is. A nonword repetition task and an Italian version of the listening span test were proposed. Groups differed significantly in both tasks. However, differences in the listening span test disappeared when nonword repetition performance was partialed out. It was concluded that a difficulty in learning a foreign language is mainly related to the more passive aspects of verbal working memory, typically associated with the articulatory loop. 相似文献
14.
Kai Makita Mika Yamazaki Hiroki C. Tanabe Takahiko Koike Takanori Kochiyama Hirokazu Yokokawa Haruyo Yoshida Norihiro Sadato 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2013,7(4):213-224
Psychological research suggests that foreign‐language vocabulary acquisition recruits the phonological loop for verbal working memory. To depict the neural underpinnings and shed light on the process of foreign language learning, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging of Japanese participants without previous exposure to the Uzbek language using learning of novel Uzbek words. During encoding, spoken Uzbek words and corresponding visual objects were shown, and subjects either overtly repeated the words (phonological rehearsal) or overtly rehearsed numbers (phonological suppression). Phonological rehearsal improved the encoding performance. A learning‐related decrease in rehearsal‐specific activation was found in the left fusiform gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellum. Recollection of the phonologically rehearsed words activated the right cerebellum and left fusiform gyrus more prominently than recollection of the phonologically suppressed words in a performance‐dependent manner. The phonological loop might provide the temporal and fragile registration of the articulatory pattern that is converted into a more durable form in the right cerebellum, which is in turn integrated with the object information in the fusiform gyrus. 相似文献
15.
This study examined the associations between executive functioning problems, emotion regulation difficulties, and risk for perpetrating child physical abuse (CPA). It was hypothesized that: (a) poor executive functions (i.e., working memory problems and inhibition/switching problems) would be associated with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties and CPA risk; (b) emotion regulation difficulties would be positively associated with CPA risk; and (c) emotion regulation difficulties would partially explain the association between executive functions (i.e., working memory problems and inhibition/switching problems) and CPA risk. To examine these predictions, a sample of 133 general population parents (31% fathers) completed self-report measures of CPA risk, emotion regulation difficulties, working memory problems, and a performance-based measure of inhibition/switching skills. Results revealed that executive functioning problems were linked with emotion regulation difficulties, which in turn were associated with CPA risk. Moreover, emotion regulation difficulties explained the relationship between executive functions (working memory, inhibition/switching) and CPA risk. The final model accounted for 41% of the variance in CPA risk. Although additional research is needed, the present findings suggest that enhancing parents’ executive functioning and teaching them effective emotion regulation skills may be important targets for CPA prevention efforts. 相似文献
16.
Julia Klesczewski Janin Brandenburg Anne Fischbach Kirsten Schuchardt Dietmar Grube Marcus Hasselhorn 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2018,65(5):509-525
Based on the finding that children with mathematical learning difficulties (MLD) have deficits in working memory (WM), the question arises as to whether these children differ from typical learners only in the level or also in the developmental trajectories of WM functioning. To this end, the WM of 80 children with MLD and 71 typical learners was assessed longitudinally from third to fifth grade. Typical learners outperformed children with MLD in the phonological, visuospatial and central executive WM functioning in third grade. Latent change analyses indicated that both phonological and central executive WM functioning developed in a parallel pattern in children with MLD and in typical learners. In contrast, visuospatial WM functioning revealed a different development in children with and without MLD since the gap between both groups decreased over time. Overall, despite starting at a lower level, the WM functioning in children with MLD did not develop more slowly. 相似文献
17.
Aydin Yücesan Durgunoğlu 《Annals of dyslexia》2002,52(1):189-204
One of the challenges for educators working in multilingual settings has been to identify the causes of reading difficulties
of language learners (LLs). It is difficult to distinguish between reading problems stemming from low levels of linguistic
proficiency versus more general reading/learning difficulties. There is now growing research evidence of cross-language transfer
in different literacy processes. Literacy components that reflect language-independent, metacognitive/metalinguistic processes
show similarities across the two languages of students. Some examples are phonological awareness, syntactic awareness, knowledge
of genres and meaning-making strategies. A possible way to use cross-language transfer as a diagnostic tool is proposed. If
children have had enough exposure to and possibly instruction in their first language (L1), we can assess their skills and
insights in L1. For LLs who have these skills and insights in their strong L1, we can expect transfer to their second language
(L2). If they do not have these skills and insights in their L2 yet, it indicates a delay due to limited language proficiency,
and not because of a disability. This way LLs who just need more L2 practice and exposure can be distinguished from those
LLs who truly have special needs. 相似文献
18.
本研究以38名不同亚类型的数字加工和计算障碍学生为实验组,以38名阅读能力以及数字加工和计算能力都处于中等水平的同年龄学生为年龄匹配组,以38名数字加工和计算能力与实验组相当且阅读能力中等的学生为能力匹配组,对数字加工和计算障碍的不同亚类型与工作记忆三个子系统的关系进行了探讨,结果表明,数字加工和计算障碍的不同亚类型在工作记忆的缺陷模式上存在差异:尽管所有亚类型的工作记忆执行系统功能均不如能力匹配组和年级匹配组,即不同亚类型的数字加工和计算障碍学生在工作记忆的中央执行系统上均存在缺陷,但是,他们在语音回路和视觉空间板上的缺陷模式却有所不同. 相似文献
19.
Ingvar Lundberg 《Annals of dyslexia》2002,52(1):165-187
Students speaking a language at home, which is different from the instructional at home, often face serious literacy problems
in their additional language. This article examines the various factors involved in these difficulties and proposes some procedures
for determining whether the reading problems are primarily due to linguistic factors, sociocultural factors, or specific learning
problems such as dyslexia. The discussion of linguistic factors includes a closer examination of the concept of language proficiency.
Dimensions of individual differences in the ability of second language (L2) acquisition are specified. Particular emphasis
is given to the role of verbal working memory in L2 acquisition and to neuropsychological aspects. A popular target for recent
research has been the orthographic structure of the language, and a general assumption has been that transparent orthographies,
such as Italian or Finnish, are easier for a learner to deal with than deep orthographies. The methodological problems involved
in the study of this issue are discussed. Some recent large-scale comparative surveys of reading literacy have not been able
to demonstrate the impact of orthographic structures, as other, more powerful explanations of achievement variations have
masked the possibly small orthographic effects. These explanatory factors are to a large extent related to social and cultural
conditions in homes, communities, and schools. A tentative model is proposed where the various factors involved in L2 reading
are specified, providing guidelines for assessment strategies. 相似文献
20.
The purpose of this study was to determine the components of working memory (WM) that underlie less skilled readers' comprehension and word recognition difficulties. Performance of 3 less skilled reading subgroups---children with reading disabilities (RD) in both word recognition and comprehension; children with comprehension deficits only; and children with low verbal IQ, word recognition, and comprehension (poor readers)--was compared to that of skilled readers on WM, short-term memory (STM), processing speed, executive, and phonological processing measures. Ability group comparisons showed that (a) skilled readers outperformed all less skilled readers on measures of WM, updating, and processing speed; (b) children with comprehension deficits only outperformed children with RD on measures of WM, STM, phonological processing, and processing speed; and (c) children with RD outperformed poor readers on WM and phonological processing measures. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that (a) subgroup differences on WM tasks among less skilled readers were moderated by a storage system not specific to phonological skills, and (b) STM and updating contributed significant variance to WM beyond what was contributed by reading group classification. The latter finding suggested that some differences in storage and executive processing emerged between skilled and less skilled readers that were not specific to reading. 相似文献