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South Africa is a country of many languages and cultures. Education is mostly in English which implies that about 80% of all secondary school students are second language learners. Currently many mathematical problems are posed in real-life contexts. This not only introduces more language in mathematics texts, but also more issues related to culture. When considering the influence on readability, it is difficult to disentangle the role of linguistic and cultural factors and this in turn seems to be a manifestation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The study was therefore guided by research questions such as: what linguistic and cultural factors in the ordinary language of mathematics texts influence readability? Protocol analysis was used with students aged 17–18 years to establish readability problems. Linguistic as well as cultural factors were identified and the hypothesis that improved readability of mathematics assignments improves achievement was confirmed in a number of cases. Writers of mathematics texts should therefore consider linguistic as well as cultural factors when writing for different reading audiences. Other conclusions address teaching and examination practice. 相似文献
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程序设计语言是用于编写计算机程序的语言。在计算机学科研究中,无论是理论研究还是技术研究的成果,最终目标要体现在计算机软件产品的程序指令系统应能机械地、严格地按照程序指令执行,而程序设计语言的特性和编码途径会对程序的可靠性、可读性、可测试性和可维护性产生深远的影响。目前,人和计算机通信仍然必须使用人工设计的语言,即程序设计语言,而几乎所有的计算都需要程序设计语言才能完成。 相似文献
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Keene Boikhutso 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2013,32(6):797-815
This study explored the common wisdom that sees Botswana as inherently ethnically homogenous. It used the existing Afrobarometer survey data drawn from Round 1 (1999), Round 2 (2003), Round 3 (2005) and Round 4 (2008). The findings of this study revealed that when using language spoken mostly at home, common wisdom is confirmed. However, it is disconfirmed when using disaggregated home language. This is more apparent when language is broken down according to district and rural-urban location. The implications of this study are that multicultural and linguistic diversity of Botswana compels us to view every group as heterogeneously unique and important in its own ways. While Botswana is generally viewed as a shining example of a successful African democracy, its policies towards language, especially within the education system, leave much to be desired. The education system should move beyond the homogenous-thinking doctrine and embrace multicultural diversity. 相似文献
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This article explores definitions of achievement and their relationship to gender-fair assessment. A framework to discuss achievement is drawn from the affinities of standpoint theory and post-structural theories' emphasis on the role of language in transmitting norms and values that shape gender relations. The first proposition put forward is that different modes of assessment denote different forms of knowledge that are not necessarily gender-neutral. The article illustrates the argument by identifying patterns of gender-biased items in the Junior Certificate science examinations in Botswana. The conclusion drawn is that these patterns illustrate forms of knowledge that are representative of male and female ways of perceiving reality. The patterns of gender-biased items corroborate those found in the international literature. The second proposition is that assessment materials may be gender-biased. The article illustrates gender bias through a content analysis of the Junior Certificate English reading passage examination and discusses the implications of this example for fairer assessment. Finally, a checklist is suggested for crafting gender-fair assessment. 相似文献
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Mompoloki Bagwasi 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2006,52(3-4):333-341
This study examines the role of language in reducing poverty in Botswana through adult-education programs. Because language is the medium through which human beings communicate and grow intellectually and socially, it should form the basis of any discussion involving the relation between development and education. In order best to respond to societal changes and bridge the gap between the less privileged and the more privileged, adult-education programs should be guided by language policies that are sensitive to this pivotal role that language plays. Language is important in any discussion of poverty reduction because it determines who has access to educational, political and economic resources. The author recommends that adult-education programs in Botswana take account of the multilingual nature of society and so allow learners to participate freely, make use of their indigenous knowledge, and enhance their self-esteem and identity. 相似文献
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动机是影响二语学习诸个体因素中最具能动性的因素,对于语言学习的结果具有较强的预测性。本研究运用定量研究的方法,以语言型大学二外日语学习者为对象,进行问卷调查,通过因子分析和多元回归分析考察语言型大学二外日语学习者的学习动机与成绩之间的相关性。研究结果显示:考试竞争型、兴趣型及成就型动机与成绩呈明显的正相关,而盲目从众型动机对成绩呈负相关。 相似文献
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采用特瑞—肖特的积极、消极完美主义量表中文修订版和霍维茨外语课堂焦虑量表,对长沙理工大学一年级非英语专业的267名学生进行问卷调查分析发现:大学生外语焦虑与外语成绩呈现显著的负相关关系,完美主义整体与外语焦虑和外语成绩不存在显著的相关关系,其中消极完美主义维度与外语焦虑呈显著正相关,而积极维度与外语焦虑和外语成绩不相关。 相似文献
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This paper presents findings from a 4-year project that developed and implemented a blended inquiry science and English Language Development (ELD) program in a large urban California school district. The sample included over 2,000 students in Kindergarten through 5th grade. Participating students’ English and science achievement was compared to a similar group of students who were using the district’s established English language development curriculum. Student performance on statemandated English and science assessments were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U tests for overall performance and by number of years of treatment. Modest but statistically significant improvement was found for students who participated in the blended program. Results from this study suggest that restricting instructional minutes for science to provide additional time for ELD and English language arts may be unnecessary. Rather, allowing consistent time for science instruction that incorporates ELD instruction along with inquiry science experiences may provide the authentic and purposeful context students need to develop new language without restricting access to science content. 相似文献
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Ricardo Trumper 《Interchange》1997,28(2-3):205-218
This paper study analyzes differences in motivation towards science subjects among kibbutz and urban high school students in Israel. Students' motivational traits in science were explored by a questionnaire whose items corresponded to four motivational patterns: achievement, curiosity, conscientiousness and sociability. The major findings of this study are that a) Kibbutz students were mostly sociability oriented in the learning of science, b) city students were mostly sociability and achievement oriented in the learning of science, c) city students were better achievers than kibbutz students in junior high school, while in senior high school the difference between them was nonsignificant, d) there was a significant increase in kibbutz students' achievement motivation in learning science when passing from junior to senior high school. 相似文献
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John Ainley 《Research in Science Education》1980,10(1):129-137
Conclusion The foregoing analyses suggest that achievement in Year 12 students was not related to either the use of exploratory teaching
methods or the standard of science facilities. Possibly this was due to the fact that only senior students who had chosen
to study science were included in the investigation. These results are based on data from Year 12 students who had chosen
to study science and may therefore be different in important respects from other Year levels. It is possible that data from
a sample of the whole age group in junior secondary school could yield a different pattern of relationships. Other studies
(Ainley, 1978c) have suggested that in the junior secondary area the provision of better facilities was associated with enriched
science learning experiences. Perhaps the Australian Science Facilities Programme would have been of greater benefit had it
been directed more to the junior science area rather than to the senior science specialities. 相似文献
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Evelien Van Laere Koen Aesaert Johan van Braak 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(16):2772-2794
The present study aimed to identify the role of both student- and school-level characteristics in primary school students’ achievement in the science curriculum. As societies become more culturally and linguistically diverse, many students enter the classroom with a home language that is different from the language of instruction used at school. This study takes into account both the home language and literacy in the language of instruction in relation to student achievement in science subjects. Questionnaires, reading performance tests, and science achievement tests were administered to 1,761 fourth-grade students from 67 schools across Flanders (Belgium). Multilevel hierarchical regression analyses show that the home language and literacy in the language of instruction play an important role in science achievement at the student level, next to gender and socioeconomic status. Students with a home language that is different from the language of instruction experience difficulties with science subjects. Moreover, the higher students’ performance on reading comprehension and self-assessed proficiency in the language of instruction, the higher their score on science achievement tests. At the school level, a school's teachability expectations are one of the key factors related to students’ science achievement. Limitations of this study and future directions for research are discussed. 相似文献
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孩子与成年人这两个群体在二语习得中存在巨大差异(最初习得速度和最终二语水平)。基于目标语环境下的研究表明孩子在二语习得中占优势。但是,课堂模式有别与目标语环境。目前没有足够的研究证据可以证明在课堂模式下较小年龄的孩子有优势。因此,目前对于孩子外语的早期教育值得商榷。 相似文献
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《International Journal of Educational Development》2002,22(2):169-180
Evidence abounds in the literature of a direct link between pre-primary education and academic performance in the primary school. The salutary effect of the ‘Head start’ programme inaugurated in the United States of America in the early 1960s on the academic performances of its beneficiaries in the lower primary is such a piece of evidence. Premised on this commonality between pre-primary education and academic achievement in the primary school, the study aimed at finding out whether there were significant differences in the performances of Botswana grade one pupils with pre-school education experience and their counterparts without such an experience on selected tasks in English language, mathematics and science. Using purposive sampling technique for school selection, a total of 120 grade one pupils were randomly selected for the study from four selected primary schools in Botswana. In addition, 20 grade one teachers from the study schools participated in the study. For data collection purpose, each pupil-subject was individually interviewed for about 20 min on the study tasks; and the opinions of the twenty teachers on the subject of the study was sampled by the use of a questionnaire. The results of the study indicated that pupils with pre-school education experience significantly out-performed their counterparts without such experience in all the three school subject areas surveyed by the study. This trend of the impact of pre-school education on academic achievement at the early primary school level was corroborated by the opinions of the primary school teachers. The paper concluded by observing that pre-school education equips children with pre-requisite skills which make learning in grade one easier and faster for children so exposed. 相似文献
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Din Yan Yip Wing Kwong Tsang 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2007,5(3):393-413
A longitudinal study has been conducted to explore the impact of a new language policy for Hong Kong secondary schools on
science learning. According to this policy, only schools that recruit the best 25% of students can teach science in English,
the students' second language, while the other schools have to teach science in Chinese, the students' native language. The
study involved a student cohort of 100 schools starting from S1 for three years. The outcome of science learning is conceptualized
as consisting of students' achievement and self-concept in science. This paper reports the possible effects of English-medium
instruction (EMI) and Chinese-medium instruction (CMI) on students' self-concept in science, as measured by students' responses
to a questionnaire. Comparing with the CMI students, the EMI students showed higher self-concepts in Chinese, English and
Mathematics, but a lower self-concept in science. This finding suggests that the EMI students might experience greater learning
problems in science than in other subjects, probably because science learning involves abstract thinking and the mastery of
scientific terminology which make a high demand on language proficiency. The EMI students showed a greater interest in learning
science than the CMI students, indicating that they were more academically oriented. The EMI students, however, formed a lower
perceived self-competence in science than their CMI peers, despite that they performed better in the science achievement test
than many of the CMI students. This perception supports the view that using English for instruction may have negative effects
on science learning. It is also consistent with the observation that the EMI students perceived science as more difficult
to understand and learn than the CMI students. 相似文献
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计算机语言类课程教学模式初探 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
计算机语言类课程是计算机专业重要的专业基础课，作为计算机专业学生．掌握几门常用的程序设计语言是很有必要的。传统的教学模式存在一些弊端。作者指出，语言类课程教学中初步渗透算法设计思想和软件工程思想，推行阶段报告教学和案例教学模式，将传统与现代教学手段相结合，有助于改善教学效果。 相似文献
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To engage in the practices of science, students must have a strong command of science academic language. However, content area teachers often make academic language an incidental part of their lesson planning, which leads to missed opportunities to enhance students’ language development. To support pre-service elementary science teachers (PSTs) in making language planning an explicit part of their science lessons, we created the Academic Language Planning Organizer (ALPO). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the ALPO on two levels: first, by examining participants’ interactions with the ALPO as they identified academic language features, objectives and supports; and second, by exploring the ways that participants translated identified language supports to planned science activities. Findings indicated that, when using the ALPO, PSTs identified clear language functions and relevant vocabulary terms, and also frequently developed clear, observable and measurable language objectives. When lesson planning, PSTs were largely successful in translating previously identified language supports to their lesson plans, and often planned additional language supports beyond what was required. We also found, however, that the ALPO did not meet its intended use in supporting PSTs in identifying discourse and syntax demands associated with specific academic language functions, suggesting that revisions to the ALPO could better support PSTs in identifying these academic language demands. Implications for supporting PSTs’ planning for and scaffolding of science academic language use are presented. 相似文献
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本文以近几年大量出现在新闻语言中的字母词为例．探讨其对汉语新闻语言的易读性有什么影响，并对其做易读性测量。据此，提出关于提高字母词易读性的策略性规则。 相似文献