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本文总结了近年来国内小麦抗孢囊线虫病种质资源筛选抗病基因的发掘研究进展,以及小麦抗孢囊线虫病基因分子定位的研究进展。结果表明,我国现阶段还缺乏较好的抗病材料,普通小麦中对孢囊线虫病的抗性资源比较匮乏,建议一方面加大引进和筛选国外小麦种质资源,另一方面加大对小麦野生近缘种属中CCN抗性资源的筛选;对已挖掘到的抗性资源和定位到的抗病基因,可以结合作物遗传育种和分子标记辅助选择技术,创制遗传和育种抗病新材料,为小麦育种服务。 相似文献
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介绍了在作物遗传育种和植物遗传多样性分析中的几种常用的分子标记。介绍了几种分子标记的原理步骤及在操作过程中影响多态性的部分因素。 相似文献
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黄子油菜是十字花科芸薹属栽培种,与黑子油菜相比种皮较薄,种子含油量和蛋白质含量较高,且饼粕中的纤维素含量较黑子低,能极大地改善菜籽油和饼粕的商品质量,因而成为油菜育种的重要目标之一。近年来分子标记技术的快速发展和日趋成熟,为黄子油菜的种质资源鉴定和辅助育种提供了有利的帮助。目前,黄子油菜研究中应用最广泛的分子标记方法主要是RAPD、SSR、RFLP等。文章主要就这些分子标记在黄籽油菜的遗传多样性研究、相关基因定位、分子标记辅助育种方面的应用进行简要综述。 相似文献
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西藏高原是近缘野生大麦折世界分布中心之一，其种质资源形态多样性，经１０年植物学分类研究，它们属于２个亚种４２６个变种，除以往报道的新变种外，本文再报道新变种１６６个，这对系统研究世界大麦分类。起源演化，野生资源的保护和利用，生物工程和遗传育种等都具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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西藏青稞种质资源醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了充分利用西藏青稞种质资源,以促进种质资源在高原青稞遗传育种与改良中的合理有效利用,实验采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A -PAGE）技术,对347份供试材料进行了醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析。结果分析表明：实验产生169条相对迁移率不同的带纹;材料间谱带数目变幅在2～17之间,平均可分离出7．59条谱带;89种变异类型归属于ω区,γ区、β区、和α区分别有12、72和27种变异类型。遗传多样性指数分析表明,ω、γ、β和α分别为0．68、0．18、0．72、0．60。进一步分析表明,西藏青稞地方品种醇溶谱带类型中最多、西藏近缘野生大麦醇溶谱带类型居中,藏区青稞育成品种醇溶谱带类型最少;实验材料醇溶蛋白各区谱带遗传多样性指数也呈相同的规律;在三种材料类型总的遗传多样性指数中,藏区青稞育成品种的遗传多样性指数最高（0．60）,西藏青稞地方品种次之（0．54）,西藏近缘野生大麦的遗传多样性指数最小（0．50）。这些结果表明了藏区育成品种遗传多样性丰度高,均匀度好,不同地区间的青稞育成品种遗传差异较大。347份材料经聚类分析在遗传相似系数为0．25水平上时全部聚为一类;若以所有材料的平均遗传相似系数0．43（L ）为阈值,可将347份材料划分为六大类。 相似文献
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《Electronic Journal of Biotechnology》2014,17(5):238-245
Microbiota in the gut play essential roles in human health. Prebiotics are non-digestible complex carbohydrates that are fermented in the colon, yielding energy and short chain fatty acids, and selectively promote the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillae in the gastro-intestinal tract. Fructans and inulin are the best-characterized plant prebiotics. Many vegetable, root and tuber crops as well as some fruit crops are the best-known sources of prebiotic carbohydrates, while the prebiotic-rich grain crops include barley, chickpea, lentil, lupin, and wheat. Some prebiotic-rich crop germplasm have been reported in barley, chickpea, lentil, wheat, yacon, and Jerusalem artichoke. A few major quantitative trait loci and gene-based markers associated with high fructan are known in wheat. More targeted search in genebanks using reduced subsets (representing diversity in germplasm) is needed to identify accessions with prebiotic carbohydrates. Transgenic maize, potato and sugarcane with high fructan, with no adverse effects on plant development, have been bred, which suggests that it is feasible to introduce fructan biosynthesis pathways in crops to produce health-imparting prebiotics. Developing prebiotic-rich and super nutritious crops will alleviate the widespread malnutrition and promote human health. A paradigm shift in breeding program is needed to achieve this goal and to ensure that newly-bred crop cultivars are nutritious, safe and health promoting. 相似文献
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稻属分类的现状及存在问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
稻属(Oryza L．是禾本科中重要的植物类群，该属含20余种，广泛分布于全球热带和亚热带地区。未来水稻育种的重大突破还将有赖于对稻属基因库中丰富种质资源，特别是野生稻资源的利用和开发。由于稻属植物在农业生产中的重要作用，引起了众多的植物分类学家、遗传学家、育种学家和分子生物学家的广泛研究。稻属自Linnaeus于1753年建立以来的200多年中，无论在物种的数量和分类系统上都产生了很大的变化。多位学者对稻属的属以下等级和种间的分类都做了详细的工作，对稻属现代分类系统的建立起到了重要的作用。Roschevicz(1931)对稻属全面深入的研究为后来的稻属系统分类奠定了基础。Sharma &; Shastry (1965) 建立的稻属分类系统在很大程度上受了 Roschevicz(1931)工作的影响，对属以下种以上的分类等级也处理得较合理，但是他们对稻属的分类定义较为广泛，包括了好几个如今已不放在稻属的物种。Vaughan(1989)对全球的稻属标本进行了较为全面的查证和研究，他建立的稻属系统不仅在属的界定上更为合理，而且对稻属中各物种的形态变异、地理分布和种间的关系，都有更清楚的描述。遗憾的是，Vaughan (1989)采用的属下等级——“复合体”(complex)，不符合国际植物命名法规(ICBN)的规定。Lu(1999)在对前人大量工作的基础上，结合现代对稻属的研究成果并包括了近年来发表的一些新种，建立了稻属3组7系24种的分类系统。本文结合最新的研究成果对稻属作了进一步的修订，列出了以形态特征为基础的分种检索表，并对稻属分类中仍存在的一些问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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"分子模块设计育种创新体系"战略性先导科技专项以水稻为主,小麦、鲤等为辅,利用野生种、农家品种和主栽(养)优良品种等种质资源,综合运用基因组学、系统生物学、合成生物学等手段,解析高产、稳产、优质、高效等重要农艺(经济)性状的分子模块,揭示水稻复杂性状全基因组编码规律,发展多模块非线性耦合理论和"全基因组导航"分子模块设计育种技术,优化多模块组装的品种设计的最佳策略,建立从"分子模块"到"设计型品种"的现代生物技术育种创新体系,为实现全基因组水平多模块优化组装、培育新一代超级品种提供系统解决方案。文章介绍了该专项的背景、总体目标、研究内容、进展及发展展望。 相似文献
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遗传改良是提升作物产量和品质的最重要推动力,但其潜力的发挥受到了常规育种技术的严重制约。近年来的研究表明,基于功能基因组学知识和技术的分子设计育种是克服常规育种技术瓶颈的有效途径。在我国水稻结构和功能基因组研究已获得重要成果的基础上,结合国际分子育种领域的最新进展,中科院拟系统开展水稻和小麦品种分子设计研究,建立和完善多基因组装分子设计育种的理论和技术体系,实现传统遗传改良向品种分子设计的跨越,培育出具有高产、优质、高效、抗病虫、耐逆和稳产性状的水稻和小麦新品种。 相似文献
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BackgroundPomegranate (Punica granatum L.), one of the most important tropical fruits in Azad Jammu and Kashmir regions of Pakistan, is highly valued for its nutrition and medicinal purposes. Although pomegranate is native to this region, the genetic diversity among wild pomegranate accessions is currently unknown. Such information would be vital for germplasm conservation and breeding efforts. In the current study, genetic diversity among forty-eight wild pomegranate accessions collected from different agro-ecological zones of Azad Jammu and Kashmir was assessed using 41 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.ResultsThe markers revealed 303 alleles averaging 7.39 alleles per marker. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.12 (PGCT093B) to 0.88 (Pom006), with a mean of 0.54. The average genetic distance (GD) across all genotypes was 0.52, and was lowest between Chattar Class and Thorar genotypes (GD = 0.27), but highest between Khun Bandway and Akhor Ban (GD = 0.74). A neighbor-joining dendrogram separated the genotypes into three major clusters, with further sub-clustering within each cluster.ConclusionsOverall, the results presented here show significant genetic diversity among wild pomegranate accessions in Azad Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan. These accessions present a valuable genetic resource to breeding and cultivar improvement programs within the region.How to cite: Aziz S, Firdous S, Rahman H, et al. Genetic diversity among wild pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.06.002. 相似文献
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《Electronic Journal of Biotechnology》2014,17(2):102-106
BackgroundYacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a root crop native to the Andean region. Low sexual reproductive capacity is a major constraint facing the genetic breeding of this crop. Biotechnological techniques offer alternative ways to widen genetic variability. We investigated somaclonal variation in regenerants of yacon derived from in vitro somatic embryogenesis using simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis and flow cytometry.ResultsTwenty tested ISSR primers provided a total of 7848 bands in 60 in vitro regenerants and control plant. The number of bands for each primer varied from 3 to 10, and an average of 6.95 bands was obtained per ISSR primer. Eight primers were polymorphic and generated 10 polymorphic bands with 7.19% mean polymorphism. ISSR analysis revealed genetic variability in 6 plants under study. These regenerants had Jaccard's distances 0.104, 0.020, 0.040, 0.106, 0.163 and 0.040. Flow cytometric analysis did not reveal changes of relative nuclear DNA content in regenerants suggesting that the plants obtained via somatic embryogenesis had maintained stable octoploid levels.ConclusionsOur findings show that indirect somatic embryogenesis could be used in yacon improvement to widen genetic variability, especially when low sexual reproductive capacity hinders classical ways of breeding. 相似文献
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我国农作物生物育种发展战略思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
农作物生物育种是以转基因技术为核心,融合了分子标记、杂交选育等常规手段的先进技术,是现代农业科技创新与产业化的重要领域。文章概述了国内外生物育种产业化发展现状与前景,并就目前国内存在问题与对策进行分析与探讨。指出全球转基因生物育种已进入至关重要的、以抢占技术制高点与经济增长点为目标的战略机遇期,我国生物育种的发展正处于成败攸关的关键时刻。提出不失时机地推进重大成果产业化、加大重大科技专项实施力度、加快生物种业科技创新和加强科学传播等建议。 相似文献
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BackgroundAssessments of genetic diversity are essential for germplasm characterization and exploitation. Molecular markers are valuable tools for exploring genetic variation and identifying germplasm. They play key roles in a Xanthoceras sorbifolia breeding program.ResultsWe analyzed the genetic diversity of populations of this species using 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and data on kernel oil content. The 11 populations included in the study were distributed across a large geographic range in China. The kernel oil content differed significantly among populations. The SSR marker analysis detected high genetic diversity among the populations. All SSRs were polymorphic, and we identified 80 alleles across the populations. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from two to six, averaging 3.48 per primer pair. The polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.35 to 0.70, averaging 0.51. Expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and Shannon's information index calculations detected large genetic variations among populations of different provenance. The high average number of alleles per locus and the allelic diversity observed in the set of genotypes analyzed indicated that the genetic base of this species was relatively wide. The statistically significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances suggested adaptations to local conditions.ConclusionsMicrosatellite markers can be used to efficiently distinguish X. sorbifolia populations and assess their genetic diversity. The information we have provided will contribute to the conservation and management of this important plant genetic resource. 相似文献
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BackgroundCultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea. L) represents one of the most important oil crops in the world. Although much effort has been expended to characterize microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) in peanut, the quantity and quality of the markers in breeding applications remain limited. Here, genome-wide SSR characterization and marker development were performed using the recently assembled genome of the cultivar Tifrunner.ResultsIn total, 512,900 microsatellites were identified from 2556.9-Mb genomic sequences. Based on the flanking sequences of the identified microsatellites, 7757 primer pairs (markers) were designed, and further evaluated in the assembled genomic sequences of the tetraploid Arachis cultivars, Tifrunner and Shitouqi, and the diploid ancestral species, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis. In silico PCR analysis showed that the SSR markers had high amplification efficiency and polymorphism in four Arachis genotypes. Notably, nearly 60% of these markers were single-locus SSRs in tetraploid Arachis species, indicating they are more specific in distinguishing the alleles of the A and B sub-genomes of peanut. In addition, two markers closely related with purple testa color and 27 markers near to FAD2 genes were identified, which could be used for breeding varieties with purple testa and high-oleic acid content, respectively. Moreover, the potential application of these SSR markers in tracking introgressions from Arachis wild relatives was discussed.ConclusionsThis study reported the development of genomic SSRs from assembled genomic sequences of the tetraploid Arachis Tifrunner, which will be useful for diversity analysis, genetic mapping and functional genomics studies in peanut.How to cite: Ma J, Zhao Y, Chen H, et al. Genome-wide development of polymorphic microsatellite markers and their application in peanut breeding program. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.01.004. 相似文献
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在文献综述的基础上,对原位杂交技术在稻属的应用进行了介绍,主要包括3个方面:(1)特定
DNA序列的定位;(2)构建染色体的物理图谱及其与遗传图谱之间的关系;(3)稻属基因组间关系的研究。 相似文献