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1.
We examine career patterns within the industrial, academic, and governmental sectors and their relation to the publication and patent productivity of scientists and engineers working at university-based research centers in the United States. We hypothesize that among university scientists, intersectoral changes in jobs throughout the career provide access to new social networks and scientific and technical human capital, which will result in higher productivity. For this study, the curriculum vitae of 1200 research scientists and engineers were collected and coded. In addition, patent data were collected from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The overarching conclusion from our analysis is that the academic scientists’ and engineers’ research careers we studied are quite different than characterized in the research productivity literature that is a decade or more old. The wave of center creation activity that began in the early 1980s and continues today has resulted not only in greater ties between universities and industry, but also markedly different academic careers. 相似文献
2.
不确定环境下本地和跨区域双重学习网络的动态平衡对集群企业创新具有积极影响。通过对浙江省温州市184家集群企业的问卷调查和实证检验,研究发现:本地和跨区域学习网络显著正向影响集群企业创新,两种网络存在显著的替代效应,且两者动态平衡能够增强双重网络的创新贡献,实现创新效应最大化;行业环境负向调节本地网络和集群企业创新,而政策环境呈现正向调节,且调节的边际效应趋于减弱。研究建议,集群企业创新需要动态平衡构建本地和跨区域学习网络,政府政策支持需适度,且需重视行业要素建设以降低行业环境不确定性,从而促进集群企业创新。 相似文献
3.
The impact on innovation performance of different sources of knowledge: Evidence from the UK Community Innovation Survey 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Marion Frenz 《Research Policy》2009,38(7):1125-1135
This paper considers two main categories of knowledge sources and their impact on the innovation performance of enterprises: own-generation through R&D versus knowledge transfers via bought-in resources for innovation purposes, external collaborations on R&D, and internal sources within the company. The national and international dimensions of both internal networks and external collaborative agreements are explored, as is the interaction between R&D and other sources. Data from two UK Community Innovation Surveys allow for the lagging of relevant variables. Our results suggest that, while intra-company knowledge sources, own-generation, and bought-in R&D matter in innovation performance, the benefits of joint innovation efforts in the form of cooperation are less clear. The international dimension of internal networks is highly relevant, and interactions between the own-generation of knowledge and external sources increase the innovation potential of enterprises. 相似文献
4.
在分析集群企业间知识网络构建主要问题的基础上,通过运用社会网络工具,在个体层、群体层和组织层三个不同的层面上对知识网络的构建进行了探讨,并应用工具对集群企业整体及超集群知识网络扩展进行了分析,构建了一个集群企业知识网络的模型. 相似文献
5.
The economic health of nations and regions is increasingly coming to rest on the scientific and technical labor force conducting scientific research. As such, enormous social resources are directed to educating and training those who will fire the engines of economic growth. In the first part of this paper, we compare recent investment in the scientific and technical labor forces by two giants of nationally-supported research endeavors: France and the United States. We find that France is more invested in scientific and technical training, but that both nations invest directly and indirectly in the scientific and technical labor force. French policy is more likely to support the individual graduate student directly through a national grant, while graduate students in the US tend to rely indirectly on federal support through research grants to other researchers. We then use duration models on individual data to predict entry into a permanent academic position within three years of completing a Ph.D. We do not find that industrial support of graduate training has any effect on later success in obtaining a position. There is, however, evidence of different academic labor markets operating in each country. In France, entry into a position has not depended on period factors, while in the US more recent cohorts have been more successful in obtaining permanent employment. Furthermore, postdoctoral positions in France delay or deter academic careers, but have no impact on entry in the US: this suggest that two different modes of scientific human resources management operate in France and in the USA. In the USA, Ph.D.s are seen as an essential element in the process of knowledge transfer, and early mobility does not affect entry into permanent academic careers. In France, few incentives are given to encourage mobility, which merely deters the access to permanent jobs. Finally, we found that graduates of the most prestigious undergraduate institutions were systematically advantaged in obtaining permanent academic employment, suggesting that academic stratification occurs very early in the training path in each country. 相似文献
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7.
我国R＆D科学家工程师规模预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究采用时间外推与目标增长两种模型预测我国 2 0 2 0年R&D科学家工程师总人数 ,并对两种模型预测结果的差异作了分析。研究认为 ,时间外推模型侧重科学家工程师的质量 ,目标增长模型侧重数量 ;时间外推模型侧重发挥国家导向作用的日本和欧盟模式 ,目标增长模型侧重发挥企业自发作用的美国模式 相似文献
8.
Otter C 《Endeavour》2011,35(2-3):80-90
This study explores the history of horseflesh consumption in modern Britain and France. It examines why horsemeat became relatively popular in France, but not Britain. These reasons include the active role of scientists, philanthropists, journalists and butchers. These figures did not actively promote horsemeat in Britain. These factors are as important as cultural and economic ones in explaining dietary transformation. 相似文献
9.
This paper aims to analyse the practice of knowledge integration (KI) in Collaborative New Product Development (Co-NPD) projects involving multiple partners in an aerospace network. On the basis of a pragmatic approach, a multiple-case study is developed focusing on two Italian aerospace companies involved in a research project aimed to define methodologies and technologies for knowledge collaboration in NPD. Data are gathered with a triangulation technique merging official documents and open-ended and closed-ended interviews administered in the companies’ sites and involving managers, engineers and employees. The paper proposes a systematic treatment of the KI practice describing the types of knowledge, strategies, barriers and intellectual property policies for KI at inter-organizational level. The findings provide insights to address NPD models for aerospace networks where the complexity and value of codified knowledge coming from external sources requires adequate treatments and security standards. 相似文献
10.
知识共享行为是一种高度情景嵌入性行为，但以往研究鲜有同时关注文化情景与知识情景对知识共享行为的影响机理。本文选取集体主义导向作为文化情境的代表构念，选取知识的隐性程度、感知的知识个体所有权、感知的知识价值作为知识情景的代表构念，探究了集体主义导向(文化情景)、三类知识属性(知识情景)与知识共享行为之间的关系。通过多源信息(自我+他人汇报)问卷调查，采集了1182份有效数据。研究结果表明：集体主义导向促进知识共享行为；知识的隐性程度和感知的知识个体所有权抑制知识共享行为；感知的知识价值与知识共享行为存在“倒U型”关系；感知的知识个体所有权和感知的知识价值正向调节集体主义导向与知识共享行为间关系。 相似文献
11.
The relationship of technology policy to economic and industrial development has become a subject of debate between those who argue that market forces should determine how technology is produced and used and those who believe that government has a role in supporting investment in technology use and the development of high‐technology industries. This article looks at the effects of national technology policy in promoting the production of computer hardware and software in Asia‐Pacific countries during the 1980s. It also analyzes the relationship between various environmental factors and computer production and looks at the interaction between environment and policy. It finds three types of environmental factors associated with level of computer production: human resources, in the form of scientists and engineers; the presence of complementary industries, particularly electronics production; and expenditures on research and development. It also finds that hardware production is higher in countries with national computer plans but that software production does not appear to be associated with efforts by the government to promote the computer industry. 相似文献
12.
知识共享行为是一种高度情景嵌入性行为,但以往研究鲜有同时关注文化情景与知识情景对知识共享行为的影响机理。本文选取集体主义导向作为文化情境的代表构念,选取知识的隐性程度、感知的知识个体所有权、感知的知识价值作为知识情景的代表构念,探究了集体主义导向(文化情景)、三类知识属性(知识情景)与知识共享行为之间的关系。通过多源信息(自我+他人汇报)问卷调查,采集了1182份有效数据。研究结果表明：集体主义导向促进知识共享行为;知识的隐性程度和感知的知识个体所有权抑制知识共享行为;感知的知识价值与知识共享行为存在“倒U型”关系;感知的知识个体所有权和感知的知识价值正向调节集体主义导向与知识共享行为间关系。 相似文献
13.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2023,7(2):101-114
This study examines how internal research and development (R&D), external knowledge acquisition, and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies. A large sample of firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) across 26 post-communist countries (including European Union (EU) members and non-EU states of Eastern Europe, Caucasian countries, and Central Asian countries) and country-level data from the Global Innovation Index and the International Property Rights Index were used. The findings show that enterprises with majority foreign ownership are relatively more likely to acquire external R&D. We demonstrate that the R&D behavior of enterprises with majority foreign ownership and local firms are interrelated, that is, we find a synergy effect. According to the results, decisions on internal R&D and the purchase of external knowledge for enterprises with majority foreign ownership are similar to those of local firms. However, enterprises with foreign ownership contract R&D with other companies more often if local firms conduct internal R&D. These results indicate the presence of knowledge spillover and cross-learning effects in both types of enterprises in post-communist countries. Finally, we find that the national innovation environment is not significant for the R&D intensity of enterprises with majority foreign ownership, which suggests their high dependence on the parent structures of multinational enterprises. 相似文献
14.
企业创新离不开对外部知识的利用和搜寻,大数据技术能让企业在各种领域深层次地获取全面、完整的数据。因此本文探讨了外部知识搜寻对企业创新能力的影响。同时,将大数据能力的调节作用纳入考虑,探讨其在外部知识搜寻与企业创新之间的调节效果。研究中采用无反应偏差检验分析和同源偏差检验分析检验了数据的有效性;采用回归分析法来探讨各研究变量间关系并验证研究假设。研究结果显示外部知识搜寻深度和广度对激进式创新及渐进式创新均有正向影响,其中,搜寻广度对渐进式创新影响较大,搜寻深度则对激进式创新影响较大。在进行外部知识深度与广度搜寻时,大数据能力发挥显著正向作用。大数据能力对激进式创新和渐进式创新都有正向影响。大数据能力在外部知识搜寻深度与渐进式创新和激进式创新关系中有正向调节作用,在外部知识搜寻广度与渐进式创新和激进式创新的关系中调节作用发挥不明显。 相似文献
15.
Much past research on commercialization activities by university scientists and engineers has focused on the role of resources in the extra-organizational commercialization environment, such as the availability of venture capital funding. By contrast, our theoretical and empirical interest was in intra-organizational dynamics impacting the context in which scientists and engineers work. Drawing upon organizational psychology literature on the construct of organizational climate, we posited that researchers working in an intra-organizational climate that supports commercialization and encourages intra-organizational boundary-spanning will be more likely to produce invention disclosures and patents. Our data from 218 respondents at 21 engineering research centers was both multi-method (i.e., qualitative data from interviews, longitudinal archival data, and survey data) and multi-level. Our results showed that an organizational climate characterized by support for commercialization predicted invention disclosures one year later and an organizational climate characterized by boundary-spanning predicted patent awards two years later. 相似文献
16.
Despite the growing interest of scholars and policymakers to better understand the determinants for researchers in public science to transfer knowledge and technology to firms, little is known how temporary international mobility of scientists affects both their propensity to engage in knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) as well as the locus of such transfer. Based on a sample of more than 950 German academics from science and engineering faculties, we investigate how the duration and the frequency of scientists’ visits at research institutions outside their home country affect KTT activities. We find that most mobile scientists engage in KTT to firms both in the host and in their home country, suggesting that KTT activities to firms abroad do not substitute or crowd out, but complement KTT to firms in the home country. We further find that the longer research visits abroad are, the higher the likelihood that scientists engage in KTT to firms, again both in the host and the home country. However, the more frequently scientists visit institutions abroad, the more likely they are to engage in KTT to firms only in their home country. Our results therefore provide evidence for the benefits of “brain circulation”. The article contributes to the growing strand of the literature on scientist mobility and on the determinants of industry-science linkages at the individual level. 相似文献
17.
手段导向对国际创业绩效的影响研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(3):495-504
基于手段导向理论和资源基础理论,构建手段导向、外部知识获取、国际机会识别与国际创业绩效之间关系的理论模型。通过对278份调查样本进行实证分析,结果表明：手段导向对国际创业绩效有显著正向影响;外部知识获取在手段导向与国际创业绩效之间具有中介作用;国际机会识别在手段导向与国际创业绩效之间具有中介作用;外部知识获取、国际机会识别在手段导向与国际创业绩效关系间具有链式中介作用。 相似文献
18.
Michelle Gittelman 《Research Policy》2006,35(7):1052-1068
The biotechnology industry is a striking example of the disconnect between the location of knowledge creation and its commercial development. I argue that national technological performance in biotechnology is critically affected by institutions governing scientific careers, which shape the professional identities and boundary-spanning activities of research scientists. I test this in a comparison of the United States and France. Drawing on fieldwork and analysis of patent data, I compare institutional frameworks and estimate models of forward patent citations. The models show that entrepreneurial firms are associated with high-performing innovations in this sector whereas large established firms perform poorly in both countries, and highlight the importance of institutions in creating country-specific combinations of human capital with organizational capabilities. 相似文献
19.
企业女工程技术人员发展现状问题及对策 《科学学研究》2022,40(12):2238-2245
女性工程技术人员是促进我国科技与经济社会发展的重要力量。为反映企业女工程技术人员发展现状、破除她们在职业发展过程中面临的困难和阻碍,本研究采用定量与定性研究相结合的方式开展调研。研究发现,女性在工程技术领域所占的比例持续提升,且发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而女性工程技术人员队伍仍需进一步发展,她们在职业发展上评价较低、专业能力发挥不足、仍面临不公平的对待。国家和组织层面对女性工程技术人员政策关注不足,男性对女性存在能力、性格和成就偏见,养育和家务劳动的社会分工,女性退休年龄的设定,社会激励不足等均是制约女工程技术人员发展的重要原因。针对以上问题和原因分析,结合女工程技术人员的呼声,本研究提出了七点改善建议。 相似文献